Isifundo esisha esivela eNyuvesi yaseCincinnati sikhombisa ukuthi izakhamizi zedolobha lasendulo laseMayan iTikal elisehlathini laseGuatemala zasebenzisa amaminerali ukuhlanza amanzi emadamini abo. Okungukuthi, amaMaya adala lolu hlelo lokuhluza amanzi cishe eminyakeni engama-2,000 XNUMX ngaphambi kokuba kusetshenziswe izinhlelo ezifanayo eYurophu, okwenza lube olunye lwezinhlelo ezindala kakhulu zokulungiswa kwamanzi zohlobo lwazo emhlabeni.
Izinhlelo ezindala kakhulu zokwelashwa kwamanzi zamaMaya
Namuhla, abantu abaningi basebenzisa izihlungi ukususa ukungcola emanzini. Yebo, manje iqembu locwaningo selitholile ukuthi eTikal, amaMeya asevele asebenzise uhlelo lokuhlunga amanzi ngenhloso efanayo. Iqembu lemikhakha eyahlukene labacwaningi abavela ku Inyuvesi yaseCincinnati, eyakhiwe izazi zesayensi yabantu, izazi zokuma komhlaba kanye nososayensi wezinto eziphilayo, ithole ukuthi izakhamizi zasendulo zedolobha laseMayan elalikade linamandla iTikal (amanxiwa alo ahlaba umxhwele emahlathini aseGuatemala) akha izihlungi zamanzi esebenzisa izinto ezazingeniswa zisuka ezindaweni eziqhele ngamakhilomitha amaningi. Abavubukuli bafinyelele kulesi siphetho ngemuva kokuthola ubufakazi besistimu eyindida yokuhlunga kwemvelo echibini laseCorriental, elinye lamachibi amahlanu amanzi okuphuza eTikal.
Izihlungi zemvelo: Ukubhekwa kwamandla kaMayan
Abaphenyi bathole i-crystalline quartz ne-zeolite eTikal, yize amaminerali akamuva atholakala kuphela echibini laseCorriental. I-Quartz etholakala esihlabathini esimahhadlahhadla nase-zeolite, okuyinhlanganisela yekristalu eyakhiwe nge-silicon ne-aluminium, yakha isisefo semvelo samangqamuzana. Ukuhlonza i-zeolite ne-crystalline quartz ezinsizeni zeCorriental water reservoir, ososayensi benze ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray diffraction analysis (inqubo esetshenziselwa ukucacisa ukuhlelwa kwama-athomu ngaphakathi kukristalu).
Ngokweqiniso, lezi zinhlobo zezihlungi zemvelo bezizosusa amagciwane ayingozi, amakhemikhali acebile nge-nitrogen, izinsimbi ezisindayo ezifana ne-mercury kanye nezinye ubuthi obuvela emanzini, ngokusho kukaKenneth Barnett Tankersley, uprofesa ohlangene we-Anthropology e-University of Cincinnati futhi ongumbhali oholayo isifundo, eshicilelwe kumagazini Imibiko yeSayensi.
Ngokusho komcwaningi, “Okuthokozisayo ukuthi lolu hlelo luzoqhubeka lusebenze nanamuhla kanti amaMaya aluthola eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-2,000 XNUMX eyedlule. Basungule lolu hlelo lokuhlunga amanzi cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbili ngaphambi kokuba kusetshenziswe izinhlelo ezifanayo eYurophu, okwenza lube olunye lwezindlela ezindala kakhulu zokuhlanza amanzi emhlabeni. ”
Eqinisweni, kumaMaya asendulo, ukuthola izindlela zokuthola nokugcina amanzi ahlanzekile kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Njengamanye amadolobha aseMayan, iTikal yakhiwe phezu kwelitshe elinamatshe aminyene elenza ukufinyelela emanzini okuphuza kube nzima isikhathi esiningi sonyaka, ngesikhathi sesomiso sonyaka. Ngakho-ke bebenokukhetha okuncane noma abangenakho ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amadamu emvelo angahlanzekile, abengaba yingozi enkulu empilweni yabo ngasikhathi sinye.
Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi lolu hlelo lokuhlunga luqukethe i-quartz ne-zeolite ngabe luvikele ama-Mayan asendulo kumagciwane ayingozi nakwezinye izinto ezinobuthi obekungenza ukuthi abantu abaphuza kulo mthombo bagule. "Kungenzeka ukuthi ngamaMaya asendulo abona ukuthi le nto yayihlotshaniswa namanzi ahlanzekile futhi enza umzamo wokuyiletha edolobheni lawo," kusho abacwaningi. Kepha ukuthi amaMeya aluthole kanjani ulwazi oluthuthuke kangaka lwemisebenzi yamangqamuzana kusalokhu kuyisihloko esiyimpikiswano.
Amanzi okuphuza, into ebalulekile
Kuze kube namuhla, ucwaningo oluningi ngokuphathwa kwamanzi kwakudala luzamile ukuchaza ukuthi impucuko yonga kanjani, yaqoqa kanjani, noma yajika kanjani amanzi. Izinga lamanzi okuphuza lisalokhu kunzima ukubhekana nalo. Lolu cwaningo luvule lo mzila wocwaningo ngokuhlonza ikhwalithi yomthombo wamanzi nokuthi ubungasungulwa futhi unakekelwe kanjani. Vele, ukwakha kabusha izimpilo, imikhuba kanye nezisusa zempucuko evela ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka eyedlule kunzima. “Asinabo ubufakazi obuphelele, kodwa sinabo ubufakazi obuqinile besimo. Incazelo yethu inengqondo, ” kusho abacwaningi.
Iminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezizayo emisha
Izinhlelo zokuhlunga amanzi eziyinkimbinkimbi ziye zabonwa nakweminye imiphakathi yasendulo, eGrisi, eGibhithe naseNingizimu Asia, kepha lokhu kungokokuqala ukubonwa ezwenikazi laseMelika. “AmaMaya asendulo ayehlala endaweni eshisayo futhi kwakudingeka enze izinto ezintsha. Futhi lokhu kuyinto emisha emangalisayo. Abantu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi aboMdabu baseMelika eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe babengenabo ubunjiniyela noma imisipha yezobuchwepheshe njengezindawo ezinjengeGrisi, iRoma, iNdiya noma iChina. Kepha uma kukhulunywa ngokuphathwa kwamanzi, amaMaya ayesezinkulungwane zeminyaka ngaphambili, ” baphetha abacwaningi.
