Esinye sezigameko zobugebengu ezingakaxazululeki ezaziwa kakhulu emlandweni siya kuJack the Ripper. Ukuthi ungubani umbulali owathusa i-East London ngo-1888 kuseyimpicabadala kuze kube namuhla. Umbulali wayejwayele ukucwiya isidumbu sesisulu sakhe ngendlela engavamile, ebonisa ukuthi unolwazi olunzulu ngokwakheka komuntu. Abaningi baye baqagela ukuthi wayengubani ngempela umbulali wabesifazane abahlanu endaweni yaseWhitechapel e-East London, kodwa akekho okwazile ukuxazulula le mpicabadala futhi mhlawumbe ngeke. Kodwa-ke, kuye kwavezwa imibono eminingi emisha ekholisayo ngaleli cala elibi kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ngisho nanamuhla. Noma ekugcineni, umbuzo womugqa osasele uthi: Wayengubani uJack the Ripper?
Icala lokubulala elithi "Jack the Ripper".
Ukubulawa kukaRipper kwenzeka eLondon, ngo-1988, ikakhulukazi emphakathini ompofu waseWhitechapel - okunye kokubulala kweqa umngcele kungena eDolobheni, esifundeni samabhizinisi eLondon. Izisulu zeRipper yilezi:
- UMary Ann "Polly" Nichols, Wabulawa 31st Aug. 1888
- U-Annie Chapman, Wabulawa 8 Sept. 1888
- U-Elizabeth Stride, Wabulawa 30 Sept. 1888
- UCatherine Eddowes, Wabulawa 30 Sept. 1888
- UMary Jane Kelly, Wabulawa 9 Nov. 1888
Iningi lezisulu bekungabaqwayizi abanqunywe umphimbo. Kepha ngokungafani nezinye izisulu, uMary Jane Kelly ubulawelwe ezindlini, ephephile kude nanoma iliphi iso elihluphayo, ngakho-ke, izicubu zomzimba wakhe zazinzima kakhulu kunezinye. Isisulu esisodwa esaphunyuka ekucwiyweni kwakungu-Elizabeth Stride, futhi abagxeki abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi, kulokhu, umbulali waphazanyiswa phakathi necala.
Konke lokhu kwenzeka ebusuku emigwaqeni enabantu abaningi, kwathi ezine zazo zenzeka endaweni evulekile, akekho ufakazi owabona umenzi wobubi kahle ngokwanele ukuthi amkhombe noma anikeze incazelo eningiliziwe. Kwakungekho sizathu esicacile sobugebengu, futhi umbulali akazange avele enkantolo. Ababhali abaningi bekhuluma ngobugebengu ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye nanamuhla baye bathi umbulali wayephambene ngokocansi, ikakhulukazi ngoba konke lokhu kubulala kwenziwa kubathengisi futhi iningi lokucwiywa komzimba laligxile esiswini.
Ukubulawa nokuqothulwa kwabaqwayizi kusike ngqo enhliziyweni yokugula kukaVictoria, okwenza kwaba nokwethuka eLondon. Lokhu kwandiswe wuchungechunge lwezincwadi zokuklolodela iCentral News Agency neWhitechapel Vigilance Committee phakathi kwe "Double Event" ngomhlaka 30 Septhemba nokufa kukaMary Kelly ngomhlaka 9 Novemba 1988.
Enye yalezi zincwadi, eyaziwa ngokuthi “Isuka Esihogweni,” kuthiwa ifaka phakathi ingxenye yezinso zikaCatherine Eddowes ezilahlekile - "Omunye uhhafu ngiwuthose ngawudla ubumnandi kakhulu." Konke ngaphandle kwalesi manje sekuvame ukubhekwa njengezikhohlisi ezenziwa yizintatheli uqobo, kubandakanya naleyo uRipper athola kuyo igama lakhe elidumile. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakuphenywe izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-1000 ngamaphoyisa, kanti ezedume kakhulu kuzo yilezi: Incwadi Ethandekayo Yaboss, I-Saucy Jack Postcard, Kusuka Esihogweni Incwadi futhi Incwadi Ye-Openshaw.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu kuxhumana, inkomba okuwukuphela kwayo umbulali ayishiya ngemuva itholwe ngobusuku be-'Digital Event ', equkethe izingcezu ezinegazi ze-apron ka-Eddowes etholakala ku-alleyway. Kubikwa ukuthi baphonswa lapho ngemuva kokuthi umbulali ebasebenzisile ukusula izandla. Umbhalo wokulinganisa ngaphezu kwezingcezu ze-apron, "AmaJuwe [mhlawumbe amaJuda] yilawo madoda angeke asolwe ngeze", bekucatshangwa nokuthi ibhalwe umbulali ngezizathu ezingaziwa.
Kodwa-ke lo mbhalo wagezwa ngaphambi kokuba uqoshwe kahle, ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi uzogqugquzela abantu, futhi unikezwe ubuhlanga obujwayelekile bezikhathi, ngeke kutholakale ngokuqinisekile ukuthi le nkulumo ibhekisa ngqo ekubulaweni kukaRipper.
Izinto zaba nzima kakhulu ngenkathi ukubulawa (mhlawumbe) kumile ngemuva kokushona kukaMary Kelly, icala labe selibanda kakhulu. Yize njengoba kuphawuliwe ukubulawa okumbalwa okufana nalokhu kwavuselela okwesikhashana iminyaka ethile ngemuva kwalokho, bekukholelwa futhi ukuthi inkolelo yengqondo yombulali ekhulayo ifinyelele ngokuphelele ekubulaweni kukaKelly, ngemuva kwalokho wazibulala, wafa ngokwemvelo noma wazibophezela ezinye izizathu.
Abasolwa kanye nemibono
Izinsolo ezahlukahlukene ezingajwayelekile, ezisukela kubhusha wamaJuda ongenamakhaya kuya kubafundi abahlukahlukene bezokwelapha abasemazingeni aphakathi kuya kwiNdlalifa yoMbuso WaseBrithani, sezibekwe umsolwa weRipper. Umbono wokuthi umbulali wayengowesifazane, umbelethisi owayeziphindiselela egqoke njengendoda, nawo ubuye wahlaselwa ngezikhathi ezithile.
Omunye umbono odumile uthi lo mbulali ubengenwe ugcunsula - isifo esivela ku-venereal esidala ukulimala kwengqondo okuqhubekayo ezigabeni zokugcina - futhi ubeziphindiselele. Enye inkolelo idlulisa ukuthi izisulu ezinhlanu zaziboshwe ulwazi lwemfihlo ebucayi kakhulu egcinwe ngoyedwa, mhlawumbe uKelly, futhi yabulawa ngabakwa-Mysterious Government Agents ukuze bangakhulumi.
Umthengisi ocebile kakotini ogama lakhe linguJames Maybrick naye wayecatshangwa ngabanye ukuthi wayenguJack the Ripper. UMaybrick empeleni wabulawa ngunkosikazi wakhe owayesebenzisa i-arsenic ukumbulala. Ngawo-1990 idayari eyashicilelwa, okwathiwa yabhalwa nguMaybrick, yavuma ukubulawa kukaRipper, kodwa umbhali wavuma kamuva ukuthi wayewumbumbulu lo diary.
Enye inkolelo-mbono entsha eyimpikiswano - ithuthukiswe ngumbhali wobugebengu UPatricia Cornwell - ifaka umdwebi odumile waseBrithani uWalter Richard Sickert, imisebenzi yakhe ekhombisa ukuthakazelisa okuhlukile ngempilo yamaVictoria aphansi, njengobhekele ngqo ukubulawa noma ukusiza ekufihlweni kweRoyal. UWalter Sickert wayeyilungu leCamden Town Group of Post-Impressionist artists ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 laseLondon. Umbono kaCornwell ucishe wahlekwa usulu yiRipperologists enkulu njengecala lokunquma icala ngaphambi kokuhlola ubufakazi.
Ingabe uJack the Ripper wayengumhambi waseMelika?
Kube nemibono eminingi kule minyaka engu-130 eyedlule ezame ukudalula ukuthi ungubani uJack the Ripper, kodwa enye yezindlela ezidume kakhulu zokuthi umbulali kungenzeka ukuthi wayengomunye wabantu baseMelika abahambahambayo abafika eNgilandi ngasekupheleni kwawo-1880. . Le mbono empeleni yayikhona ngesikhathi sokubulala futhi amadoda amathathu alandelayo angabanye baseMelika okusolakala ukuthi banguJack the Ripper:
URichard Mansfield
UMansfield wayengumlingisi waseMelika, owazalwa ngoMeyi 24, 1857. Ngo-1887, uMansfield waqala ukuveza umlingiswa wakhe ngokudlala indima ephambili kuDkt. Jekyll noMnu Hyde. Ngo-Agasti 1888, uMansfield waletha umdlalo wakhe omusha eLondon futhi wahlela eLyceum Theatre eWest End. Ukusebenza kwakhe kwaba nomdlandla futhi kwashiwo ukuthi ukuguquka kwakhe abe yisilo esikhulu uMnu uHyde kwakukholisa kangangokuthi abesifazane ezilalelini baquleka futhi amadoda amadala esaba ukuya ekhaya eyedwa.
Ngokuqondana okungajwayelekile, ukuvulwa komdlalo kuqondane nokuqala kokubulawa kukaJack the Ripper. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kombukiso wokuqala, ngomhlaka 7 Agasti 1988, isidumbu sikaMartha Tabram satholwa ezakhiweni zaseGeorge Yard, eWhitechapel. UMartha kungenzeka ukuthi waba yisisulu sokuqala seWhitechapel Ripper engaziwa namanje. Yize engeyena omunye wezisulu ezinhlanu zabahlukunyezwayo beRipper, uthathwa njengomuntu ozobhapathizwa olandelayo.
Ngenkathi uphenyo luqhubeka, amaphoyisa nomphakathi bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi umbulali kumele abe yindoda ebibukeka kahle ngokwejwayelekile emini kodwa "ngokwengqondo" iphenduke inunu ebusuku. Iqiniso lokuthi uRipper ubesusa nezitho zomzimba kuzisulu zakhe liphakamise umsebenzi kadokotela. Ukufana okusobala kwatholakala phakathi kukaDkt. Jekyll noMnu Hyde kanye noJack the Ripper, futhi akubanga nje isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba kukhonjiswe ngomunwe wokusola kuleyo ndoda eyayilingana kahle nalomlingiswa - uRichard Mansfield. Kodwa-ke, akukaze kufakazelwe ukuthi wayengumbulali wangempela.
Udokotela uFrancis J. Tumblety
Omunye umsolwa odumile waseMelika kwakunguDokotela uFrancis J. Tumblety. Wayengudokotela we-quack waseNew York owenza imali yakhe ngokuthengisa amakhambi namakhambi angama-Indian. Wayengumqambimanga owayenomkhuba wokuzibona ubalulekile. Kubikwa ukuthi wayebazonda kakhulu abesifazane, ikakhulukazi abaqwayizi, futhi ukunyakaza kwakhe kwakungeke kutholakale.
Ukufika kwakhe eLondon evela eMelika kwamemezela ukuqala kokubulawa kukaWhitechapel futhi waboshwa ngezenzo zokuziphatha okubi kakhulu futhi cishe wayengumsolwa ngesikhathi sokubulala kukaRipper. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokubulawa kokugcina kukaJack the Ripper, ngoNovemba 1888, uTumblety wabaleka ezweni wabuyela eMelika. Futhi akekho owayengamlandela futhi.
HH Holmes
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, umbulali waseMelika obizwa nge-HH Holmes ufakwe ohlakeni njengomuntu ongaqokwa ukuba abe nguJack the Ripper. UDkt. Henry Howard Holmes uthathwa njengombulali wokuqala waseMelika ngemuva kokuvuma ukuthi wabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-27 “ehhotela” lakhe elidumile lase-Illinois ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Inqubo kaHolmes kwakuwukuguqula ihhotela lakhe libe “yisigodlo sokubulala” esasigcwele izicupho ze-booby nezinsiza zokuhlukumeza lapho ayezofaka khona isikhumba ahlinzeke izisulu zakhe.
Yize uHolmes noJack the Ripper bebonakala bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu zababulali, bobabili babebanda futhi bebala, cishe bekuyindlela yokwenza ngendlela yabo. Kukhona nokufana kwezisulu. Isisulu sokugcina sikaJack the Ripper, uMary Jane Kelly, wabulawa futhi wacwiywa hhayi emgwaqweni, kodwa ekhaya lakhe. Lokhu kukhombisa ukukhula okusobala kakhulu enhlosweni kaRipper. Wayesephenduke umbulali wasemgwaqweni waba yindoda ethatha izisulu zayo ngaphandle kweminyango.
Ukube uHH Holmes wayenguRipper, ukubulawa kukaMary Kelly kungenzeka ukuthi kwamgqugquzela ukuthi athathe isinyathelo esilandelayo futhi akhe isigodlo sakhe sokubulala eChicago lapho ayengaqhubeka khona nomsebenzi wakhe omubi engaphazanyiswa. Ngo-2018, umzukulu kaHolmes wembula ubufakazi obungaxhuma isihlobo sakhe nezincwadi zikaJack the Ripper futhi kungenzeka ukuthi uHolmes kungenzeka ukuthi wayeseLondon ngesikhathi esifanele sokuba yiWhitechapel Ripper. Uma lokhu kuliqiniso, kubeka uHolmes ethubeni lokuthi abe nguJack the Ripper.
Ingabe uJack The Ripper wayengumbulali?
Amakhulu emibono ekhona mayelana nobunikazi buka "Jack the Ripper". Ukuthambekela kwakhe ekuhlukaniseni umzimba ngommese - ikakhulukazi indawo esheshayo nokususwa kwezitho ezithile - kwaholela abanye ekucabangeni ukuthi kumele ngabe wayeqeqeshelwe ukuhlinzwa. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kabusha komdwebo wamakhaza wesinye sezisulu zakhe kuveze izici eziningana zendlela yokugunda engenangqondo kakhulu ngokuqeqeshwa kwezobuchwepheshe.
Ukungafani okuhlobene nakho kubonakala ngolimi olusetshenziswe ngaphakathi kwencwadi evela kuJack okucatshangwa ukuthi iyiqiniso. Amasu awasebenzisile ukuthumela izisulu zakhe nokubuyisa izitho zawo, noma kunjalo, ayehambisana kakhulu namasu ayesetshenziswa emadlelweni osuku.
I-East London ngawo-1880 yayinenqwaba yamadela amancane, lapho izimo zezilwane nabasebenzi zazinzima ngokweqile. Ucwaningo lwesimanje lwezenhlalo luye lwaveza ukuxhumana okucacile phakathi kokuhlukunyezwa kwezilwane nalokho okwenziwe kubantu, kanye nezingozi ezengeziwe zobugebengu obunodlame emiphakathini ezungeze amadela. Ngakho-ke inkolelo ayinakuphikwa nhlobo ukuthi "uJack the Ripper" angaba ngumhlabi. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi wayengumJuda Owahlatshwa owayehlala endaweni yokubulala.
Ingabe kwakukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-Whitechapel Ripper kanye ne-Lambeth Poisoner?
UDkt Thomas Neill Cream, owaziwa nangokuthi yiLambeth Poisoner, wayengumbulali waseScotland waseCanada, owafaka izisulu zakhe ushevu zaze zafa. UDkt Cream ufune izisulu zakhe zokuqala ukufakazelwa e-United States kanye nabanye eGreat Britain, futhi mhlawumbe nabanye eCanada. Ngesikhathi ebulawa ngokulengiswa ngoNovemba 15 ka-1992, amagama akhe okugcina ayindida “NginguJack…” Ngakho-ke, ukuqagela kwanda ukuthi uLambeth Poisoner wayenguJack the Ripper wangempela. Kodwa-ke, amarekhodi asemthethweni athi wayesejele e-Illinois ngesikhathi sokubulawa kukaRipper.
UJack the Ripper wayengumgundi wezinwele wasePoland!
Iqembu labacwaningi baseBrithani liphakamise ukuthi umbulali odumile waseJack the Ripper kungaba ngumgundi wasePoland oneminyaka engu-23 ogama lakhe lingu-Aaron Kosminsky owayezinikele ekukhoselweni ngesikhathi esifanayo nokubulawa kwabantu. Abaphenyi basebenzise izivivinyo ze-hitech DNA ukuxhumanisa u-Aaron Kosminsky owazalelwa ePoland neshawuli eligcwele igazi lesisulu seRipper. Bathi “kungenzeka izibalo” uKosminsky wabulala ngokungenalutho abesifazane okungenani abahlanu endaweni yaseWhitechapel.
Isiphetho
Sekudlulile iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-130 selokhu kwenzeka ukubulawa kwabantu okwenzeka eWhitechapel eNgilandi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi eside, uphenyo lobugebengu selusukile 'ekubhalweni ngesandla' kuya 'emanyathelweni' kuya 'emanyathelweni eminwe' kuya 'ekuhlolweni kwe-DNA', futhi selufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu, kepha-ke, ukuqagela nemibono eminingi ngoJack the Ripper ilicindezele leli cala umgodi ongapheli. Mhlawumbe, leli cala alisoze lathola indawo yalo futhi ukuthi ngubani uJack the Ripper ozohlala eyimfihlakalo engaxazululiwe unomphela.
