U-Erik the Red, owaziwa nangokuthi u-Erik Thorvaldsson, wayengumhloli wamazwe waseNorse odumile owabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekutholakaleni nasekuhlalisweni kweGreenland. Umoya wakhe wokuthakasela, kanye nokuzimisela kwakhe okungantengantengi, kwamholela ekuhloleni izindawo ezingakaziwa futhi asungule imiphakathi echumayo ezindaweni ezinonya zaseNordic. Kulesi sihloko, sizocubungula indaba ephawulekayo yomhloli wamaViking ovuthayo u-Erik the Red, esikhanyisela ngempilo yakhe esemncane, umshado nomndeni, ukudingiswa, kanye nokufa kwakhe kungakafiki isikhathi.
Impilo ka-Eric the Red - indodana exoshiwe
U-Erik Thorvaldsson wazalwa ngo-950 CE eRogaland, eNorway. Wayeyindodana kaThorvald Asvaldson, indoda eyayizoba nedumela elibi ngokubandakanyeka kwayo ekubulaleni umuntu. Njengendlela yokuxazulula izingxabano, uTorvald waxoshwa eNorway, futhi waqala uhambo olukhohlisayo olubheke entshonalanga nomndeni wakhe, kuhlanganise no-Erik osemusha. Ekugcineni bahlala eHornstrandir, isifunda esimazombezombe enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Iceland, lapho uThorvald ashona khona ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkulungwane yeminyaka.
Umshado nomndeni - ukusungulwa kwe-Eiriksstaðir
U-Erik the Red washada no-Þjodhild Jorundsdottir futhi ndawonye bakhe ipulazi elibizwa ngokuthi i-Eiriksstaðir eHaukadalr (Hawksdale). U-Þjodhild, indodakazi ka-Jorundur Ulfsson kanye no-Þorbjorg Gilsdottir, udlale indima ebalulekile empilweni ka-Erik. Ngokwesiko lasendulo lase-Iceland, lo mbhangqwana wawunezingane ezine: indodakazi okuthiwa uFreydis namadodana amathathu - umhloli wamazwe odumile uLeif Erikson, uThorvald noThorstein.
Ngokungafani nendodana yakhe uLeif nomkaLeif, ekugcineni abamukela ubuKristu, u-Erik waqhubeka engumlandeli oshisekayo wobuqaba baseNorse. Lo mehluko ongokwenkolo waze wabangela ukungqubuzana emshadweni wabo, lapho umka-Erik engenela ubuKristu ngenhliziyo yonke, waze wathuma nesonto lokuqala laseGreenland. U-Erik akakuthandanga kakhulu futhi wanamathela konkulunkulu bakhe baseNorse—okuyinto, umlando olandisayo, owaholela u-Þjódhild ukuba anqabele umyeni wakhe ubulili.
Ukudingiswa - uchungechunge lwezingxabano
Elandela ezinyathelweni zikayise, u-Erik naye wazithola edingisiwe. Ukungqubuzana kokuqala kwenzeka lapho izigqila zakhe (izigqila) zibangela ukudilika kwenhlabathi epulazini elingumakhelwane lika-Eyjolf the Foul, umngane kaValthjof, futhi babulala ama-thralls.
Eziphindiselela, u-Erik wazithathela izindaba wabulala u-Eyjolf noHolmgang-Hrafn. Izihlobo zika-Eyjolf zafuna ukuba u-Erik axoshwe eHaukadal, futhi abase-Iceland bamgweba iminyaka emithathu ekudingisweni ngesenzo sakhe. Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Erik wabalekela e-Brokey Island nase-Öxney (Eyxney) Island e-Iceland.
Ingxabano nesixazululo
Ukudingiswa akuzange kuqede ukungqubuzana phakathi kuka-Erik nezitha zakhe. U-Erik uphathise uThorgest i-setstokkr yakhe ayithandayo futhi wazuza njengefa imishayo ehlotshisiwe yenani elikhulu eliyimfihlakalo elethwe nguyise evela eNorway. Nokho, lapho u-Erik eqeda ukwakha indlu yakhe entsha futhi ebuyela e-setstokkr, uThorgest wenqaba ukubanikeza.
U-Erik, ezimisele ukubuyisela impahla yakhe eyigugu, wanquma ukuphinde azibambele mathupha. Engxabanweni eyalandela, akagcinanga ngokulanda i-setstokkr kodwa waphinde wabulala amadodana kaThorgest namanye amadoda ambalwa. Lesi senzo sodlame sashubisa isimo, kwagcina sekushuba umbango phakathi kwamaqembu aphikisayo.
“Ngemva kwalokhu, kwaba yilowo nalowo kubo nesixuku esikhulu samadoda endlini yakhe. UStyr wasekela u-Erik, njengoba kwenza no-Eyiolf waseSviney, uThorbjiorn, indodana kaVifil, namadodana kaThorbrand wase-Alptafirth; kuyilapho uThorgest esekelwa amadodana kaThord the Yeller, noThorgeir kaHitardal, u-Aslak waseLangadal nendodana yakhe u-Illugi.”ISaga ka-Eric the Red.
Lo mbango ugcine ufinyelele esiphethweni ngokungenelela kwenhlangano eyaziwa ngeleThing, eyahoxisa u-Erik iminyaka emithathu.
Ukutholwa kweGreenland
Naphezu komlando omningi ubiza u-Erik the Red njengomuntu wokuqala waseYurophu ukuthola iGreenland, ama-sagas ase-Icelandic asikisela ukuthi amaNorsemen azame ukuyixazulula phambi kwakhe. U-Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, owaziwa nangokuthi u-Gunnbjörn Ulf-Krakuson, uhlonishwa ngokubona kokuqala komhlaba, lapho apheshulwa khona umoya onamandla futhi wabiza ama-skerries ka-Gunnbjörn. USnæbjörn galti waphinde wavakashela eGreenland futhi, ngokusho kwamarekhodi, wahola umzamo wokuqala wamaNorse wokuthatha ikoloni, owagcina ngokungaphumeleli. U-Erik the Red, nokho, waba ngowokuqala ukuhlala unomphela.
Phakathi nokudingiswa kwakhe ngo-982, u-Erik wahamba ngomkhumbi waya endaweni uSnæbjörn ayezame ukuyilungisa eminyakeni emine ngaphambili. Wazungeza indawo eseningizimu yesiqhingi, kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi yiCape Farewell, futhi wenyuka ogwini olusentshonalanga, lapho athola khona indawo enkulu engenaqhwa enezimo ezifana ne-Iceland. Wahlola lo mhlaba iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokuba abuyele e-Iceland.
U-Erik wanikeza abantu izwe ngokuthi “iGreenland” ukuze abahunge ukuba bazinze. Wayazi ukuthi impumelelo yanoma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala eGreenland yayizodinga ukusekelwa abantu abaningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Waphumelela, futhi abaningi, ikakhulukazi “lawo maViking ahlala ezweni elimpofu e-Iceland” nalabo ababekade behlushwa “indlala yamuva”—baqiniseka ukuthi iGreenland inamathuba amakhulu.
U-Erik waphindela eGreenland ngo-985 neqembu elikhulu lemikhumbi yamakholoni, eyishumi nane eyafika ngemva kokuba ishumi nanye ilahlekile olwandle. Basungula izindawo zokuhlala ezimbili ogwini oluseningizimu-ntshonalanga, iMpumalanga neNtshonalanga, kanti i-Middle Settlement kucatshangwa ukuthi yayiyingxenye yaseNtshonalanga. U-Erik wakha indawo yase-Brattahlíð e-Eastern Settlement futhi waba isikhulu esiphezulu. Le ndawo yachuma, yanda yaba izakhamuzi ezingu-5,000 XNUMX, kwajoyina izifiki ezengeziwe ezivela e-Iceland.
Ukufa nefa
Indodana ka-Erik, uLeif Erikson, yayizoqhubeka nokuzuza udumo lwayo njengeViking yokuqala ukuhlola izwe laseVinland, okukholakala ukuthi liseNewfoundland yanamuhla. ULeif wamema uyise ukuba ahambe naye kulolu hambo oluyingqopha-mlando. Nokho, njengoba inganekwane isho, u-Erik wawa ehhashini lakhe esendleleni eya emkhunjini, walichaza njengebika elibi futhi wanquma ukungaqhubeki.
Ngokudabukisayo, u-Erik kamuva wanqotshwa ubhadane olwathatha ukuphila kwamakoloni amaningi eGreenland ebusika ngemva kokuhamba kwendodana yakhe. Iqembu elilodwa labokufika elafika ngo-1002 lafika nalolu bhubhane. Kodwa leli koloni laphinde laqina futhi laqhubeka liphila kwaze kwaba yiNcane Ice Age yenza umhlaba ungabafanele abantu baseYurophu ngekhulu le-15. Ukuhlasela kwasolwandle, ukungqubuzana nabakwa-Inuit, nokushiya kweNorway leli koloni nakho kwaba nesandla ekwehleni kwalo.
Naphezu kokushona kwakhe kungakabi yisikhathi, ifa lika-Erik the Red liyaqhubeka, liqoshwe phakade emibhalweni yomlando njengomhloli wamazwe ongesabi futhi onesibindi.
Ukuqhathanisa nesaga saseGreenland
Kukhona ukufana okumangalisayo phakathi kweSaga ka-Erik the Red kanye nesaga saseGreenland, zombili ezikhuluma ngohambo olufanayo futhi ezibonisa abalingisi abaphindayo. Nokho, kunomehluko ophawulekayo futhi. Esaga saseGreenland, lolu hambo lwethulwa njengebhizinisi elilodwa eliholwa u-Thorfinn Karlsefni, kuyilapho u-Erik the Red eveza njengohambo oluhlukene oluhlanganisa u-Thorvald, uFreydis, nomkaKarlsefni uGudrid.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindawo zokuhlala ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwama-akhawunti amabili. Indaba yaseGreenland ibhekisela kule ndawo ngokuthi iVinland, kuyilapho u-Erik the Red ekhuluma ngezindawo ezimbili eziyisisekelo: iStraumfjǫrðr, lapho babechitha khona ubusika nentwasahlobo, kanye noHop, lapho bahlangana khona nezingxabano nabantu bomdabu abaziwa ngokuthi amaSkraelings. Lawa ma-akhawunti ayahluka ekugcizeleleni kwawo, kodwa womabili aqokomisa izimpumelelo ezimangalisayo zikaThorfinn Karlsefni nomkakhe uGudrid.
Amazwi wokugcina
U-Erik the Red, umhloli wamazwe wamaViking owathola iGreenland, wayengumhambi wangempela omoya wakhe wesibindi nokuzimisela kwavula indlela yokusungulwa kwezindawo zokuhlala zamaNorse kuleli zwe elibi. Kusukela ekudingisweni nasekudingisweni kuye emzabalazweni wakhe womshado nokufa ekugcineni, impilo ka-Erik yayigcwele izilingo nokunqoba.
Ifa lika-Erik the Red liqhubeka liphila njengobufakazi bomoya ongenakunqotshwa wokuhlola, okusikhumbuza ngezimanga ezingavamile ezenziwa amatilosi asendulo aseNorse. Masikhumbule u-Erik the Red njengomuntu odumile owayengesabi wangena endaweni engaziwa, ebhala njalo igama lakhe emibhalweni yomlando.
Ngemva kokufunda ngo-Erik the Red kanye nokutholakala kweGreenland, funda mayelana UMadoc okwathiwa wathola iMelika ngaphambi kukaColumbus; bese ufunda mayelana UMaine Penny - uhlamvu lwemali lweViking lwekhulu le-10 olutholakala eMelika.
