Ucwaningo lwe-DNA olusanda kwenziwa seluphethe ngokuthi uhlaka lwamathambo omuntu oludala kakhulu olutholakala eSão Paulo, eBrazil, eLuzio, lungalandelelwa emuva kubafiki bokuqala baseMelika eminyakeni eyi-16,000 edlule. Leli qembu labantu lagcina likhulise amaTupi oMdabu namuhla.
Lesi sihloko sethula incazelo yokunyamalala kwezakhamuzi ezindala kakhulu zesifunda esisogwini lwaseBrazil ezakha ama-"sambaquis," okuyinqwaba yamagobolondo namathambo ezinhlanzi asetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala, izindawo zokungcwaba, kanye nezimpawu zemingcele yezwe. Abavubukuli bavame ukubiza lezi zinqwaba njengezindunduma zamagobolondo noma ama-kitchen middens. Ucwaningo lusekelwe kusethi ebanzi kakhulu yedatha ye-archaeological genomic yase-Brazil.
Andre Menezes Strauss, umvubukuli we I-MAE-USP kanye nomholi wocwaningo, waphawula ukuthi abakhi be-sambaqui ogwini lwase-Atlantic babeyiqembu labantu elinabantu abaningi eNingizimu Melika yangaphambi kobukoloni ngemva kwempucuko yase-Andean. Izinkulungwane neminyaka, babebhekwa 'njengamakhosi ogwini', baze banyamalala cishe eminyakeni eyizi-2,000 edlule.
Izakhi zofuzo zezinsalela ezingu-34, okungenani iminyaka engu-10,000 ubudala, ezivela ezindaweni ezine zogu lwaseBrazil zahlolisiswa ababhali. Lezi zinsalela zathathwa ezindaweni eziyisishiyagalombili: Cabeçuda, Capelinha, Cubatao, Limao, Jabuticabeira II, Palmeiras Xingu, Pedra do Alexandre, kanye neVau Una, ehlanganisa ama-sambaquis.
Liholwa nguLevy Figuti, uprofesa e-MAE-USP, iqembu lathola uhlaka lwamathambo amadala eSao Paulo, eLuzio, emfuleni waseCapelinha omaphakathi nesigodi saseRibeira de Iguape. Ugebhezi lwayo lwalufana noLuzia, imfucumfucu yabantu endala kunazo zonke etholakala eNingizimu Melika kuze kube manje, okulinganiselwa ukuthi isineminyaka engaba ngu-13,000 14,000 ikhona. Ekuqaleni, abacwaningi babecabanga ukuthi kwakuvela kubantu abahlukile kunama-Amerindi anamuhla, ahlala eBrazil eminyakeni eyi-XNUMX edlule, kodwa kamuva kwafakazelwa ukuthi kungamanga.
Imiphumela yokuhlaziywa kofuzo lukaLuzio yathola ukuthi wayengumMelika waseMelika, njengamaTupi, amaQuechua, noma amaCherokee. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ziyafana ngokuphelele, nokho ngokombono womhlaba wonke, zonke zisuka egagasini elilodwa lokufuduka elafika emazweni aseMelika eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-16,000 edlule. U-Strauss uthe uma kwakukhona abanye abantu esifundeni eminyakeni engu-30,000 edlule, ayizange ishiye noma iyiphi inzalo phakathi kwala maqembu.
I-DNA ka-Luzio inikeze ukuqonda komunye umbuzo. I-River middens ayifani neyasogwini, ngakho-ke ukutholakala ngeke kucatshangwe ukuthi kuwukuqala kwama-sambaquis akudala avela kamuva. Lesi sambulo sikhombisa ukuthi kwakukhona ukufuduka okubili okuhlukene - ukungena phakathi nezwe kanye eduze nogu.
Kwenzekani kubadali be-sambaqui? Ukuhlolwa kwedatha yofuzo kwembule abantu abahlukene abanezici zamasiko ezabiwe kodwa umehluko omkhulu wezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwezakhamuzi zasezifundeni ezisogwini oluseningizimu-mpumalanga naseningizimu.
U-Strauss waphawula ukuthi ucwaningo nge-cranial morphology ngeminyaka yawo-2000s seluvele luphakamise umehluko ocashile phakathi kwale miphakathi, okwasekelwa ukuhlaziya kofuzo. Kwatholakala ukuthi inani labantu abasogwini lalingahlukanisiwe, kodwa lalivame ukushintshana ngofuzo namaqembu amaphakathi nezwe. Le nqubo kufanele ukuthi ibisenzeka phakathi nezinkulungwane zeminyaka futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi ibangele ukuhlukahluka kwesifunda kwama-sambaquis.
Lapho kuphenywa ngokunyamalala okungaqondakali kwalo mphakathi osogwini lolwandle, owawuhlanganisa abazingeli nabaqoqi bokuqala beHolocene, amasampula eDNA ahlaziywa abonisa ukuthi, ngokuphambene nomkhuba we-European Neolithic wokucisha abantu bonke, okwenzeka kulesi sifunda kwaba ushintsho emasikweni, okubandakanya ukuncipha ekwakhiweni kwamagobolondo ama-middens kanye nokwengezwa kwezitsha zobumba ngabakhi be-sambaqui. Isibonelo, izakhi zofuzo ezitholakala e-Galheta IV (esendaweni yase-Santa Catarina) - isayithi elimangalisa kakhulu kusukela kulesi sikhathi - belingenawo amagobolondo, kodwa kunalokho ama-ceramics, futhi liqhathaniswa nama-sambaquis asendulo mayelana nalokhu.
UStrauss uphawule wathi imiphumela yocwaningo lwango-2014 mayelana nezingcezwana zobumba ezivela kuma-sambaquis ivumelana nombono wokuthi amabhodwe asetshenziselwa ukupheka izinhlanzi, kunemifino efuywayo. Waqokomisa indlela izakhamuzi zakule ndawo ezazisebenzise ngayo ubuciko bezwe ukuze zigaye ukudla kwazo kwesintu.
Ucwaningo lwashicilelwa ekuqaleni kujenali Nature ngoJulayi 31, i-2023.
