Umlando wangempela ujabulisa kakhulu kunalokho esakufundiswa esikoleni esiphakeme. Nakuba izincwadi eziningi zidinga ukusenza sikholwe ukuba sizifunde ngekhava yazo, zimbalwa ezizalwa ngendlela yokuthi zihehe noma ubani ukuba azicwilise.
IBhayibheli LikaDeveli, Iziphetho Zomphefumulo futhi IBhayibheli Elimnyama nakanjani ziyizincwadi ezintathu eziheha abantu ukuthi balahleke kuzo.
I-Codex Gigas - IBhayibheli LikaDeveli
I-Codex Gigas, okusho ukuthi “Incwadi Enkulu” ngesiNgisi, iwumbhalo wesandla okhanyiselwe wenkathi ephakathi omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni, ubude bawo ngamayintshi angu-56. Idalwe kusetshenziswa izikhumba zezilwane ezingaphezu kuka-160, futhi idinga abantu ababili ukuyiphakamisa.
I-Codex Gigas iqukethe inguqulo yeBhayibheli yesiLatini ephelele, kanye neminye imibhalo eminingi, kuhlanganise nezincwadi zikaHippocrates noCosmos wasePrague ingasaphathwa eyokwelapha, imibhalo ekhuluma ngokukhipha amademoni kanye nomfanekiso omkhulu kaDeveli ngokwakhe.
NgoJulayi 1648, phakathi nezingxabano zokugcina ze- Impi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu, ibutho laseSweden laphanga idolobha lasePrague. Phakathi kwezinto eziyigugu ababezintshontsha bafika nazo lapho sebebuyela ekhaya kwakunencwadi ebizwa ngokuthi I-Codex Gigas. Akukhona nje kuphela I-Codex Gigas edume ngokuba yincwadi yenkathi ephakathi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kodwa ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo, yaziwa nangokuthi IBhayibheli LikaDeveli.
Nawa amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana IBhayibheli LikaDeveli:
- IBhayibheli LikaDeveli ingamasentimitha angu-36 ubude, amasentimitha angu-20 ububanzi, futhi 8.7 amayintshi ubukhulu.
- IBhayibheli LikaDeveli iqukethe amakhasi angama-310 enziwe nge-vellum ngezimbongolo eziyi-160. Ekuqaleni, i<em>The Devil’s Bible yayinamakhasi angu-320, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amakhasi okugcina ayishumi ayesikwa futhi akhishwe encwadini.
- IBhayibheli LikaDeveli isisindo 75 kgs.
- IBhayibheli LikaDeveli wawuhloselwe ukuba umsebenzi womlando. Kungakho iqukethe iBhayibheli lamaKristu lilonke, Impi YamaJuda futhi Izinto zasendulo zamaJuda nguFlavius Josephus (37–100 CE), i-encyclopedia kaSt. Isidor waseSeville (560–636 CE), kanye Umlando we-Bohemia ebhalwe yindela yaseBohemian okuthiwa uCosmas (1045-1125 CE). Ukwengeza kule mibhalo, kunenqwaba yemibhalo emifushane efakiwe futhi, isb mayelana nezinqubo zokwelapha, ukuphenduka, kanye nokukhipha imimoya.
- Ubunikazi bombhali owadala IBhayibheli LikaDeveli akwaziwa. Izazi zikholelwa ukuthi le ncwadi iwukudalwa komuntu oyedwa, okungenzeka ukuthi indela ehlala eBohemia (namuhla eyingxenye yeCzech Republic) phakathi nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu leshumi nantathu.
- Ngokusekelwe enanini lombhalo kanye nemininingwane yezikhanyiso, kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuthathe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu ukuqeda le ncwadi. Ngamanye amazwi, umbhali ongaziwa ubonakala enikele ingxenye enkulu yempilo yakhe ekudaleni IBhayibheli LikaDeveli.
- Ngo 1594, IBhayibheli LikaDeveli yalethwa ePrague isuka esigodlweni sezindela saseBroumov, lapho yayigcinwe khona kusukela ngonyaka ka-1420. Inkosi uRudolph II (1576-1612) yacela ukuboleka. IBhayibheli LikaDeveli. Wathembisa izindela ukuthi uma eseyiqedile le ncwadi uzoyibuyisela. Okungukuthi akakaze akwenze.
- IBhayibheli LikaDeveli yethiwa igama layo ngenxa yomfanekiso kaDeveli omkhulu. Izithombe zikaDeveli zazivamile phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi kodwa lesi sithombe sihlukile. Lapha, uDeveli uvezwa yedwa ekhasini. Isithombe sikhulu kakhulu—amasentimitha ayishumi nesishiyagalolunye ubude. UDeveli ugobile ubheke phambili. Unqunu ngaphandle kwe-ermine loincloth. I-Ermine igqokwa njengophawu lobukhosi. Kukholelwa ukuthi uDeveli ugqoka i-ermine kulesi sithombe ukuze abonise ukuthi uyiNkosana Yobumnyama.
- Kunezinganekwane eziningana ezizungeze ukudalwa kwe IBhayibheli LikaDeveli, futhi zonke zihilela uDeveli. Futhi inganekwane edume kakhulu ukuthi umbhali wahweba ngomphefumulo wakhe eNkosini yobumnyama ukuze iqedele incwadi ngobusuku obubodwa.
- Ekhasini eliphambene nesithombe sikaDeveli kunomfanekiso weDolobha laseZulwini. Lokhu kuye kwahunyushwa ngokuthi iJerusalema laseZulwini elishiwo encwadini Incwadi yesAmbulo. Kwakuyinsakavukela umchilo wesidwaba ngeNkathi Ephakathi ukushiya izincwadi zisakazwa embukisweni ukuze zidlulisele umlayezo kulabo abazibonayo. Kukholakala ukuthi umlayezo okuhloswe ngawo lapha uwukukhombisa imivuzo yokuphila kokwesaba uNkulunkulu kwelinye ikhasi kanye nokwesabeka kwempilo yesono kwelinye.
I-Destinies of the Soul - okuwukuphela kwencwadi e-Harvard Library eboshwe esikhumbeni somuntu
"Des destines de l'ame," or “Iziphetho Zomphefumulo” ngesiNgisi, yincwadi ephethwe yi-Harvard University eboshwe esikhumbeni somuntu. I-Des destines de l'ame ibigcinwe e-Houghton Library kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1930.
Umbhali u-Arsene Houssaye kuthiwa wanikeza umngani wakhe le ncwadi, uDkt Ludovic Bouland, maphakathi nawo-1880s. UDkt Bouland wabe esebopha incwadi ngesikhumba emzimbeni wesiguli sesifazane esingafunwanga esasibulewe yizimbangela zemvelo.
I-Harvard Laboratory iphinde yaphetha ngokuthi idatha yokuhlaziya, ethathwe kanye ne-provenance ye "Des destines de l'ame," qinisekisa ukuthi iboshiwe ngempela usebenzisa isikhumba somuntu.
Umkhuba wokuhlanganisa izincwadi esikhunjeni somuntu - obizwa nge-anthropodermic bibliopegy - ubikwe kusukela ngekhulu le-16. Kunama-akhawunti amaningi we-19th Century akhona ngezidumbu zezigebengu ezibulewe ezinikelwe kwisayensi, izikhumba zazo kamuva zanikezwa ababopha izincwadi.
Itholakala ngaphakathi "Des destines de l'ame" iyincwajana eyabhalwa uDkt. Bouland, ethi akukho mhlobiso owawugxivizwe esembozweni ukuze “ulondoloze ubuhle bawo.” Waqhubeka wabhala, “Ngangigcine lesi siqeshana sesikhumba somuntu esithathwe ngemuva kowesifazane…
Le ncwadi, okuthiwa iwukuzindla ngomphefumulo nempilo emva kokufa, kukholakala ukuthi yiyo kuphela eboshwe esikhunjeni somuntu eHarvard.
IBhayibheli Elimnyama
Ngo-2000, iziphathimandla zaseTurkey zathatha elinye lamabhayibheli akudala axakile eqenjini lezigelekeqe elishushumbisile endaweni yaseMedithera. Iqembu lezigelekeqe libekwe icala lokushushumbisa izinto zakudala, ukumba okungekho emthethweni kanye nokutholakala neziqhumane. Le ncwadi yaziwa kabanzi ngokuthi "IBhayibheli Elimnyama".
Ngemva kokuthola, incwadi yasendulo IBhayibheli Elimnyama yagcinwa iyimfihlo kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000. Kamuva ngo-2008, yadluliselwa e-Ankaran Ethnography Museum ukuze iboniswe. Ngokwemibiko, le ncwadi ngokwayo ineminyaka engu-1500 kuya kwezi-2000 ubudala ebhalwe ngombhalo wegolide, esikhumbeni esiboshwe ngokukhululekile ngesi-Aramu, ulimi lukaJesu Kristu.
IBhayibheli Elimnyama kuveza ukuthi uJesu akabethelwanga esiphambanweni, futhi wayengeyona indodana kaNkulunkulu, kodwa wayengumProfethi. Le ncwadi iphinde ibize uMphostoli uPawulu ngokuthi “The Impostor”. Le ncwadi ithi futhi uJesu wenyukela ezulwini ephila, nokuthi uJuda Iskariyothe wabethelwa esiphambanweni esikhundleni sakhe. Osekudonse ukunaka okukhulu inkulumo kaJesu lapho ngokusobala ebikezela ukuza kukaMuhammad.
Is IBhayibheli Elimnyama okuyiqiniso?
Siyazi ukubukeka kanye nezimangalo ezingavamile IBhayibheli Elimnyama ziyathakazelisa kodwa maye! lokhu okutholakala okungavamile cishe kuyinkohliso, umsebenzi womgunyathi lowo, ngokusho kwabanye, okungenzeka wayeyisazi samaJuda saseYurophu seNkathi Ephakathi.
Ngemva kokuhlola okungenaphutha wonke amagama ale ncwadi, izazi-mlando ziye zafinyelela isiphetho IBhayibheli Elimnyama ethi, lencwadi empeleni yalotshwa izindela zesigodlo esiphakeme saseNineve, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16.
Kwesinye isiqephu, IBhayibheli Elimnyama ikhuluma ngamabutho amathathu asePalestine ngaleso sikhathi, ngalinye linamasosha angu-200,000 1500. Kodwa-ke, inani labantu basePalestine eminyakeni engu-2,000 kuya kwezi-200,000 edlule cishe alizange lifike kubantu abangaphezu kuka-XNUMX, ngokusho kwezinye izazi. Ngamafuphi, zonke lezi zimpawu zokuthi sibhekene nenkohliso emangalisayo.
Kwathi nini IBhayibheli Elimnyama kubhaliwe ngempela?
Kukhona umkhondo futhi utholakala esahlukweni 217. Umusho wokugcina uthi amaphawundi ayi-100 etshe abekwe emzimbeni kaKristu futhi lokhu kungabonisa kahle ukuthi IBhayibheli Elimnyama isanda kubhalwa: ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwephawundi njengeyunithi yezinsuku zesisindo eya eMbusweni Wase-Ottoman ekusebenzelaneni kwawo ne-Italy neSpain.
Ngokusho kwezinye izazi, IBhayibheli Elimnyama ekuqaleni yayibizwa ngokuthi uSaint Barnabas (IVangeli likaBarnaba) futhi yabhalwa umJuda waseYurophu ngeNkathi Ephakathi owayejwayelene kahle nencwadi Qur'an futhi AmaVangeli. Uxube amaqiniso nezakhi kukho kokubili kodwa izinhloso zakhe azikaziwa.
