Eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-90,000 XNUMX edlule, ingane eyingqayizivele yayihamba emhlabeni. Lo muntu wayengumuntu osemusha oyingxubevange. Ososayensi baqamba intombazane yasendulo ngokuthi “uDenny,” okuwukuphela komuntu owaziwayo onabazali abavela ezinhlobonhlobo ezimbili zabantu!
Ngo-2018, abacwaningi ababebheka eDenisova Cave ezintabeni zase-Altai eSiberia bathola izinsalela zamathambo eDenny. Njengoba kwakudingeka ithambo namazinyo kuphela, abacwaningi babesakwazi ukuhlonza ukuthi ubani lowo muntu.
Umzamo omusha, obizwa ngokuthi FINDER, usungulwe ukuhlola ama-Denisovans kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwawo, i-Homo sapiens, kanye ne-Neanderthals. Inhloso yophenyo ukuthola ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngokusebenzisana phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezintathu. Kuyaziwa ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zazalana, kodwa ucwaningo luhlose ukunikeza imininingwane eyengeziwe mayelana nokuxhumana phakathi kwazo.
Inhloso yale phrojekthi, eholwa uKaterina Douka weMax Planck Institute eJena, eJalimane, kanye nesivakashi sase-Oxford University, iwukubona ukuthi amaNeanderthal ayehlala kuphi lapho exhumana namaHomo sapiens, nokuthi kungani agcina eshabalele.
Ukufunda umlando wamaDenisovans kunzima ngenxa yokuthi okuwukuphela kwesizinda semivubukulo esiveze izinsalela zabo uMgede waseDenisovan eSiberia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kutholwe izinsalela ezimbalwa kuphela kule sayithi, kanye nezinye zezibonelo ze-Neanderthal.
U-Tom Higham, isekela lomqondisi we-Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit yaseYunivesithi yase-Oxford kanye nomeluleki we-Finder, uyaphawula ngendlela isiza esihle ngayo. Uthi kumnandi futhi kupholile ngaphakathi, ngaleyo ndlela kulondoloze i-DNA emathanjeni. Ngeshwa, uyaqhubeka enezela ukuthi iningi lamathambo emhumeni acekelwa phansi yizimpisi nezinye izilwane ezidla inyama, kwashiya inqwaba yezingcezu zamathambo ezincane ezingabonakali zisakazeke phansi.
UHigham uthi akwenzeki ukwehlukanisa phakathi komthombo wesiqephu sezinto ezibonakalayo, kungaba esinceleni esikhulu, imvu, indoda, noma owesifazane, ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okuphelele. Uphinde wachaza ukuthi noma ngabe idlanzana lezinto ezitholakala kubantu zibaluleke kakhulu njengoba zinikeza ulwazi oluningi.
Ukulandelana kwe-DNA yamathambo entombazane yasendulo kwembula ukuthi iwumkhiqizo wezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene. Umama wakhe kwakunguNeanderthal, kanti uyise wayenguDenisovan. UDenny wayekade ehlala namaNeanderthal ahlukahlukene kanye namaDenisovans emhumeni lapho eshona kabuhlungu esemncane.
Kukholakala ukuthi amaNeanderthal namaDenisovan ahlukana okungenani eminyakeni engu-390,000 edlule, okwenza bobabili amaqembu angasekho ama-hominin.
Ukuhlaziywa kofuzo lofuzo lwe-'Denisova 11' - ucezu lwethambo loMgede wase-Denisova oseRussia - kuveza ukuthi lo muntu wayenomama wase-Neanderthal kanye nobaba wase-Denisovan. I-genome kababa inomkhondo wozalo lwe-Neanderthal, eyingxenye yabantu abaxhumene ne-Denisovan yakamuva evela emhumeni. Umama wayevela emphakathini ohlobene kakhulu namaNeanderthal ayehlala eYurophu kunaseNeanderthal yangaphambili eyatholwa eDenisova Cave, okubonisa ukuthi ukufuduka phakathi kwempumalanga nentshonalanga ye-Eurasia yaseNeanderthals kwenzeka esikhathini esithile ngemva kweminyaka eyi-120,000 edlule.
Ucwaningo olusha olushicilelwe kujenali Nature kubonisa ukuthi ukuzalanisa phakathi kwamaNeanderthal namaDenisovan kwakuvame kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambilini, kucatshangelwa inani elincane lamasampula e-archaic ahleliwe.
Kungacatshangwa ukuthi uhlu lozalo olungavamile lukaDenny luphakamisa ukuthi amaNeanderthal namaDenisovan ayevame ukuhlanganyela ekuzaleni, kodwa abacwaningi baxwayisa ngokugxumela eziphethweni.
Kusobala ukuthi i-DNA yamaNeanderthal namaDenisovans ahlukene, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwawo. Ngokusho kukaDouka, lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukuzalanisa phakathi kokubili akuzange kwenzeke njalo, njengoba kungenjalo, i-DNA yabo izofana.
Kuye kwaboniswa ucwaningo lwangaphambili ukuthi iDenisovans neHomo sapiens bazalana, nokho umbuzo wokuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka eDenisova namanje awukaphendulwa.
Kuye kwahlongozwa ukuthi lo mgede ubonakale njengoweqa umngcele walezi zinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane, kanti amaNeanderthal atholakala kakhulu eYurophu kanye namaDenisovans empumalanga. Ngezikhathi ezithile, zombili lezi zinhlobo zazizithola zisemhumeni ngesikhathi esisodwa, okwakungase kuholele ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwazo zombili.
Ucwaningo oluningiliziwe lukamama kaDenny's Neanderthal luveze ukuthi ufuzo lwakhe lwalunokuxhumana okukhethekile namaNeanderthals eCroatia, okuphakamisa ukuthi abanduleli bakanina kungenzeka babeyingxenye yeqembu elisuka empumalanga lisuka eYurophu liya eDenisova - lapho yena noyise kaDenny bahlangana khona emingceleni. emazweni abo.
Lesi isithombe esihehayo, nokho idatha eyengeziwe iyadingeka ukuze usiqinisekise. Abacwaningi abanabo ubufakazi obuqondile bokuthi amaDenisovan ayetholakala empumalanga yomhume, nakuba kunjalo, iqiniso lokuthi izakhi zofuzo zabo zikhonjwe kuyi-DNA yabantu base-Australia, eNew Guinea nasezingxenyeni ezahlukene ze-Oceania, liyakuqinisa lokhu. umqondo futhi lisikisela ukuthi uphenyo lwesikhathi esizayo lwezindawo kufanele lugxile empumalanga yeRussia, eShayina, naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
Nakuba ososayensi benolwazi olulinganiselwe ngezinhlobo zabantu ezingasekho ezaziwa ngokuthi amaDenisovan, ochwepheshe muva nje bakwazi ukwakha ukwakhiwa kabusha kobuso ukuze banikeze isithombe salokho okungenzeka ukuthi zazibukeka. Lokhu kwenze abantu bakwazi ukubona umbono walokho okungenzeka ukuthi abakwaDenisovan babonakala beyiyo.
UHigham uveza ukuthi abacwaningi banenqwaba yemibuzo okusamele bayiphendule. Ngokwesibonelo, abakwaDenisovan badlulela kuphi, futhi ibuphi ubufakazi bokuqala bokwehlukana kwabo nokhokho wabo bonke ababenabo namaNeanderthal eminyakeni engu-500,000 edlule?
Kungase kuthathe isikhathi ngaphambi kokuba ososayensi bathole ithambo noma amabili ezindaweni ezahlukene, kodwa izinzuzo ezingaba khona zingakufanelekela ukulinda.
Ngemva kokufunda ngoDenny, ingane engaqondakali, funda ngayo ugebhezi lwekhanda 5 ― ugebhezi lwekhanda lomuntu lweminyaka eyisigidi olwaphoqa ososayensi ukuthi bacabange kabusha ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwabantu kwasekuqaleni.
