Izazi-mlando zanamuhla zazi okuningi ngokuvuka nokuwa kwemibuso edumile, kodwa bambalwa abantu abazi ngamasiko angaqondakali emlandweni.
Le miphakathi eyaziwa kancane ivame ukukhohlwa ngoba ayizange ishiye ngemuva kwezikhumbuzo zamatshe ezinkulu njengamaphiramidi, noma amakhalenda amatshe ahlaba umxhwele njengamathempeli aseMeya. Kodwa lamasiko asendulo ashiye umthelela omkhulu emlandweni womhlaba njenganoma yimuphi omunye umphakathi.
Uhlu olulandelayo lwabelana ngempucuko yakudala engu-8 eyaziwa kancane okungenzeka ukuthi awazi okuningi ngayo. Lawa akuwona wonke amasiko “ayemancane” kunamanye nganoma yisiphi isilinganiso. Kunalokho, lawa amaqembu anezindaba zawo ezikhohliwe emakhulwini eminyaka amuva nje.
Umbuso wase-Ethiopia wase-Aksum
Abantu manje baxoxa izindaba ngombuso we-Aksum e-Ethiopia. Abanye abantu bathi ngumbuso olahlekile weNdlovukazi yaseSheba, kanti abanye bathi yilapho umphongolo wesivumelwano uyophumula khona unomphela. Isazi sefilosofi sathi kwakungomunye wemibuso emine ehamba phambili emhlabeni. Wenza kahle isikhathi eside ngemva kokuwa kweRoma. Inzuzo enkulu yezohwebo ye-Eskom kunomakhelwane bayo yasuswa, futhi ubukhosi baseZagwe bathatha indawo yabo.
Umbuso kaKush
Cishe ngo-8000 BC, uMbuso WaseKush waqala. Kusukela ngo-2000 BC, uKush wayenomphakathi oyinkimbinkimbi, ohlukene owawuqhutshwa ukulima ngezinga elikhulu. IGibhithe, enyakatho yeKushi, yalithatha, yalithatha. UKushi wabuyisa iGibithe, waba namandla kunabaseGibithe. Babusa iGibhithe iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane futhi basiza ekwakheni iSudan.
Benza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-Meroitic" ukubhala. Iningi lomlando wabo awaziwa ngoba umbhalo wabo awukahunyushwa.
I-Nok
Kusukela cishe ngo-1000 BC kuya ku-300 AD, i-Nok engaqondakali yayihlala endaweni manje eyinyakatho yeNigeria. Ngesikhathi somsebenzi wokumba amathini ngo-1943, ubufakazi beNok batholakala ngengozi. Abavukuzi bathola ikhanda le-terra-cotta, elibonisa umlando omude wokuqopha. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kuye kwenziwa izithombe eziqoshiwe ezinemininingwane eminingi ye-terra-cotta, ebonisa abantu abanobucwebe bakanokusho futhi bephethe izinduku nama-flails (izimpawu zegunya ezibonwa nangobuciko baseGibhithe lasendulo). Abantu abanezifo ezifana ne-elephantiasis baboniswa kweminye imifanekiso.
Izinto zobuciko zivame ukukhishwa endaweni yazo yasekuqaleni ngaphandle kokuhlaziywa kwesayensi yemivubukulo, okwengeza imfihlakalo ye-Nok. Ngo-2012, iqembu lezithombe ze-Nok ezebiwa kumnyuziyamu kazwelonke waseNigeria futhi zashushumbiswa zayiswa e-US labuyiselwa kulelo zwe.
Izwe lePunt
Okuningi esikwaziyo ngamanye amasiko kuvela kulokho amanye amasiko abhalwe phansi. Lokhu kunjalo nge-Punt, umbuso wase-Afrika ongaqondakali owawuhweba nabaseGibhithe lasendulo. Kusukela okungenani ekhulwini lama-26 BC, lapho uFaro Khufu ephethe, le mibuso emibili yayihweba ngempahla.
Akekho owaziyo ukuthi uPunt wayekuphi, okuxakile. AbaseGibhithe babhala okuningi ngegolide, i-eboni, nomure abakuthola ePunt kanye nohambo lwasolwandle abaluthumela embusweni olahlekile. Kodwa abaseGibhithe ngeke basho ukuthi yonke le mikhumbi yayiyaphi, okuyinto ekhungathekisayo. Izazi zicabanga ukuthi iPunt kungenzeka ukuthi ise-Arabia, oPhondweni lwe-Afrika, noma eduze nomfula iNayile eduze nalapho iSouth Sudan ne-Ethiopia zihlangana khona namuhla.
Abase-Etruscians
I-Etruscians kwakuyiqembu labantu ababehlala enyakatho ye-Italy kusukela cishe ngo-700 BC kuya ku-500 BC ngenkathi iRiphabhulikhi yaseRoma iqala ukuthatha izintambo. Baqhamuke nendlela yabo yokubhala bashiya amathuna omndeni anothile, okuhlanganisa nelenkosana eyatholwa ngo-2013.
Ethempelini lase-Etruscan likaPoggio Colla, kwatholakala isithombe esidala kunazo zonke sowesifazane obeletha ngobuciko baseNtshonalanga. Kubonisa unkulunkulukazi eququda ukuze abelethe. Endaweni efanayo, abavubukuli bathola i-sandstone engamafidi angu-4 no-2 (1.2 x 0.6 metres) enombhalo we-Etruscan ongavamile.
Isiko lama-Aztec
Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-Inca aba namandla eNingizimu Melika, futhi ama-Aztec aqala ukubusa. Abantu endaweni manje ebizwa ngokuthi iMexico babehlala emadolobheni amakhulu amathathu ayizimbangi ngeminyaka yawo-1200 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1300. La madolobha kwakuyiTenochtitlan, iTexcoco, neTlacopan.
Cishe ngo-1325, lezi zimbangi zahlangana ukuze zakhe izwe elisha, elibusa iSigodi saseMexico. Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babethanda igama elithi Mexica kangcono kunegama lama-Aztec.
AmaMaya, impucuko enamandla eMexico naseMelika Ephakathi, awa cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu ngaphambi kokuba ama-Aztec athathe izintambo.
Isizinda samandla ezempi sasisedolobheni laseTenochtitlan, okwaba umkhonto wokunqotshwa komhlaba omusha. Kodwa-ke, umbusi wama-Aztec wayengenalo ukulawula okuqondile kuwo wonke amadolobha noma isifunda. Ohulumeni basekhaya bahlala endaweni futhi baphoqeleka ukuthi bakhokhele i-Triple Alliance amanani ahlukene entela.
Ama-Aztec ayephakeme ngamandla awo ekuqaleni kwawo-1500. Nokho, kwafika abaseSpain. Ngenxa yalokho, abanqobi baseSpain kanye nabalingani baseMelika baseMelika ababebuthene balwa ngaphansi komyalo kaHernan Cortes (1521). UMbuso wama-Aztec owake waba mkhulu ekugcineni wawa ngenxa yokuthi ahlulwa le mpi ewujuqu.
AmaRoma namasiko awo
Cishe ngo-600 BC, impucuko yamaRoma yaqala ukukhula. Ngisho nendaba yokuthi iRoma lasendulo laba khona kanjani ihlanganisa izinganekwane nezinsumansumane. UMbuso WamaRoma wawubusa indawo enkulu yezwe lapho wawunamandla kakhulu. Wonke amazwe manje aseMedithera ayeyingxenye yeRoma yasendulo.
Ekuqaleni, iRoma yayiphethwe amakhosi, kodwa ngemva kwabayisikhombisa kuphela, abantu bawulawula umuzi wabo futhi baqala ukuwuphatha ngokwabo. Benza iqembu labantu elibiza iSenethi ukuthi libabuse. Ngemva kwalokhu, iRoma yaziwa ngokuthi iRiphabhulikhi YaseRoma.
Abanye bababusi abangcono kakhulu emlandweni, njengoJulius Caesar, uTrajan, no-Augustus, baqala ukubusa base belahlekelwa. Kodwa ekugcineni, umbuso wakhula waba mkhulu kangangokuthi umuntu oyedwa wayengasakwazi ukubusa.
Ekugcineni, amaqaba asenyakatho nasempumalanga yeYurophu agcwala embusweni wamaRoma futhi athatha izintambo.
Impucuko yamaPheresiya
Impucuko yasePheresiya yasendulo yake yaba nesihloko sombuso onamandla kakhulu eMhlabeni. Nakuba ayephethe iminyaka engaphezu kuka-200, amaPheresiya athatha indawo engaphezu kwamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezimbili. Kusukela eningizimu yeGibhithe kuya ezingxenyeni zaseGrisi naseNdiya, uMbuso WasePheresiya wawaziwa ngabaholi bawo bezempi abaqinile nabahlakaniphile.
Ngaphambi kuka-550 BC, lapho bakha umbuso omkhulu kangaka ngeminyaka engama-200 nje kuphela, uMbuso WasePheresiya, owawaziwa ngokuthi yiPersis, wahlukaniswa waba ngamaqembu aholwa abantu abehlukene. Kodwa ngemva kwalokho, iNkosi uKoresi II, kamuva eyabizwa ngokuthi uKoresi Omkhulu, yathatha izintambo. Wahlanganisa wonke umbuso wasePheresiya wabe eseqhubeka nokunqoba iBabiloni lasendulo.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi wathatha izindawo ezingaphezu kwekhulu ngo-533 BC, kuhlanganisa neNdiya, ekude empumalanga. Ngisho nangemva kokufa kukaKoresi, inzalo yakhe yayilokhu ikhula ngonya futhi ilwa nabaseSparta abanesibindi kule mpi edumile manje.
IPheresiya lasendulo lalibusa lonke elase-Asia emaphakathi nelaseGibhithe lapho liphakeme khona. Lokhu kwashintsha ngo-330 BC lapho isosha elidumile laseMacedonian okuthiwa u-Alexander Omkhulu liguqa wonke uMbuso WasePheresiya futhi laqeda leyo mpucuko.
