Impucuko ye-Anasazi, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa nangokuthi ama-Ancestral Puebloans, ingenye yemiphakathi yasendulo ekhangayo futhi engaqondakali eNyakatho Melika. Laba bantu babehlala engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States kusukela cishe ngekhulu lokuqala AD kuya ekhulwini le-1 AD, futhi bashiya ifa elicebile lezinto zobuciko, izakhiwo, nemisebenzi yobuciko. Nokho, naphezu kwamashumi eminyaka ocwaningo nokuhlola, okuningi ngomphakathi wabo kuseyimpicabadala. Kusukela ekwakhiweni kwezindawo zawo zokuhlala eweni kuya emiklamweni yawo eyinkimbinkimbi yezitsha zobumba nezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo, kuningi okumelwe kufundwe ngama-Anasazi. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola izimfihlo zale mpucuko yasendulo futhi sembule esikwaziyo ngendlela yabo yokuphila, futhi sihlole izimfihlakalo eziningi ezisabazungezile.
Umsuka: babengobani ama-Anasazi?
Ama-Anasazi ayimpucuko yasendulo engaqondakali eyake yahlala eNingizimu-ntshonalanga yaseMelika. Babehlala endaweni manje eyaziwa ngokuthi isifunda sase-Four Corners e-United States, ehlanganisa izingxenye ze-Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, ne-Utah. Abanye bayakholwa umlando we-Anasazi waqala phakathi kuka-6500 no-1500 BC kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi inkathi yama-Archaic. Iphawula isiko langaphambi kwe-Anasazi, ngokufika kwamaqembu amancane emizulane yasogwadule esifundeni sase-Four Corners. Kukholakala ukuthi bahlala kulesi sifunda iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane, kusukela cishe ku-100 AD kuya ku-1300 AD.
Igama elithi “Anasazi” liyigama lesiNavajo elisho “abantu basendulo” noma “izitha zasendulo,” futhi kwakungelona igama laba bantu ababezibiza ngalo. Ama-Anasazi ayaziwa ngesiko lawo eliyingqayizivele nelithuthukile, elihlanganisa izici ezimangalisayo zezakhiwo, izitsha zobumba, nezolimo. Bakha izindawo zokuhlala ezisezingeni eliphezulu futhi pueblos lokho kusamile nanamuhla njengobufakazi bekhono nobuhlakani babo.
Izindawo zokuhlala e-Anasazi: zakhiwa kanjani?
Izindlu ezihlala eweni ze-Anasazi zingezinye zezakhiwo zomlando ezithakazelisa kakhulu emhlabeni. Lezi zindawo zokuhlala zasendulo zakhiwa ama-Anasazi eminyakeni eyinkulungwane edlule, futhi zisekhona nanamuhla. Izindlu ezihlala eweni ze-Anasazi zakhiwe esifundeni esiseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNyakatho Melika, ikakhulukazi endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi isifunda samaKhona Amane. Abantu bakwa-Anasazi bakha lezi zindlu ngamatshe esihlabathi nezinye izinto zemvelo ezazitholakala kalula endaweni.
Izindlu ezihlala emaweni zazakhiwe ezinhlangothini zamawa aphakeme, zinikeza isivikelo esimweni sezulu nasezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Abantu bakwa-Anasazi basebenzisa inhlanganisela yokwakheka kwemvelo nezinto ezenziwe umuntu ukuze bakhe lezi zindlu. Baqopha amakamelo edwaleni, basebenzisa udaka notshani ukuze baqinise futhi banameke izindonga, futhi bakha uphahla besebenzisa imishayo yokhuni nezinye izinto zemvelo. Ukwakhiwa kwalezi zindawo zokuhlala ezisemaweni kwakuyisimangaliso sobunjiniyela kanye nokusha ngesikhathi sakhona, futhi kusalokhu kuhlaba umxhwele izazi-mlando nabavubukuli kuze kube namuhla. Izindawo zokuhlala ezisemaweni ase-Anasazi aziphawuleki nje kuphela ngokwakhiwa kwazo kodwa futhi nokubaluleka kwazo komlando.
Lezi zindlu zazinikeza indawo yokukhosela, isivikelo, nomuzwa womphakathi kubantu base-Anasazi ababehlala kuzo. Kwakuyizindawo ezibalulekile zamasiko nezenkolo kubantu base-Anasazi, futhi eziningi zazo ziqukethe imifanekiso eqoshiwe eyinkimbinkimbi nezinye izimpawu ezinikeza ukuqonda ngezinkolelo nezinqubo zempucuko yasendulo. Namuhla, izivakashi zingahlola eziningi zalezi zindawo zokuhlala ezisemaweni futhi bathola ukuqonda okujulile ngabantu base-Anasazi nendlela yabo yokuphila. Lezi zakhiwo ziyaqhubeka zikhuthaza futhi zivusa uzungu kubantu abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba, futhi zimi njengesibonelo esiwubufakazi bobuhlakani nobuchule bempucuko yama-Anasazi.
Indalo eyingqayizivele ye-Anasazi
Abantu bakwa-Anasazi bavela njengesizwe okungenani cishe ngonyaka we-1500 BC. Ulwazi namakhono abo emkhakheni wesayensi yezinkanyezi kwakuhlaba umxhwele, njengoba bakha indawo yokuhlola nokuqonda izinkanyezi. Baphinde benza ikhalenda elikhethekile lemisebenzi yabo yansuku zonke neyenkolo, becabangela izenzakalo zasezulwini ababezibona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakha isimiso somgwaqo esiyinkimbinkimbi, esibonisa amakhono abo athuthukile ekwakheni nasekuhambeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindawo zabo zokuhlala zazinomgodi ophakathi nendawo, ababewuthatha njengomnyango osuka endaweni engaphansi komhlaba noma ezweni lesithathu, ungene emhlabeni wesine noma uMhlaba wamanje. Lezi zici eziphawulekayo zibonisa isiko eliyingqayizivele nobuhlakani besizwe sama-Anasazi.
Ubuciko nezitsha zobumba ze-Anasazi
Esinye sezici ezithakazelisa kakhulu zesiko le-Anasazi kwakuwubuciko babo nezitsha zobumba. Ama-Anasazi ayengabaculi abanekhono, futhi izitsha zabo zobumba ezinye zezinto ezinhle neziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ezake zadalwa. Izitsha zobumba ze-Anasazi zenziwe ngesandla, futhi ucezu ngalunye lwaluhlukile. Basebenzisa amasu ahlukahlukene ukuze bakhe izitsha zabo zobumba, okuhlanganisa ukugoqa, ukumpintsha nokuklwebha. Baphinde basebenzisa izinto zemvelo ukuze bakhe imibala ezitsheni zabo zobumba. Ngokwesibonelo, basebenzisa ubumba olubomvu oluxutshwe ne-ground hematite ukuze bakhe umbala obomvu ojulile.
Izitsha zobumba ze-Anasazi zazingaphezu nje kwento esebenzayo; bekuyindlela futhi yokuthi ama-Anasazi aziveze ngobuciko. Babevame ukusebenzisa izimpawu ezitsheni zabo ezinokubaluleka okungokwenkolo noma okungokomoya. Ngokwesibonelo, babesebenzisa izithombe zezilwane, njengezikhova nezinkozi, okwakukholelwa ukuthi zinamandla akhethekile. Baphinde basebenzisa izimo zejiyomethri, ezifana nama-spiral kanye nonxantathu, ababemelela imijikelezo yokuphila nemvelo. Ubuciko nezitsha zobumba ze-Anasazi zembula okuningi ngamasiko abo nendlela yabo yokuphila. Babengabantu ababebazisa ubuhle nokudala, futhi babesebenzisa ubuciko babo ukuze baveze izinkolelo zabo nemikhuba yabo engokomoya. Namuhla, izitsha zobumba ze-Anasazi zaziswa kakhulu ngabaqoqi futhi zibhekwa njengenye yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu kubuciko boMdabu baseMelika.
Izinkolelo zenkolo yama-Anasazi
Nakuba abantu bakwa-Anasazi babaziwa ngezakhiwo zabo ezimangalisayo nobuciko obuhlaba umxhwele, mhlawumbe nabo badume kakhulu ngezinkolelo zabo zenkolo. Ama-Anasazi ayekholelwa esimisweni esiyinkimbinkimbi sonkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi ababenomthwalo wemfanelo ngezwe eliwazungezile. Babekholelwa ukuthi yonke into esemhlabeni inomoya, futhi basebenza kanzima ukuze le mimoya ijabule. Babekholelwa ukuthi uma bengayigcini imimoya ijabulile, kuyobe sekwenzeka izinto ezimbi kubo. Lokhu kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwemikhuba eminingi nemikhosi eyayiklanyelwe ukushweleza konkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi.
Enye yezindawo zenkolo eziphawuleka kakhulu ze-Anasazi yiChaco Canyon. Lesi siza siqukethe uchungechunge lwezakhiwo ezazakhiwe ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi yejometri. Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zakhiwo zazisetshenziselwa izinjongo zenkolo futhi zaziyingxenye yesimiso esikhulu sezinkolelo zenkolo. Ama-Anasazi ayeyimpucuko ethakazelisayo eyayinezinkolelo ezingokwenkolo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezibambelele ngokujulile. Ngokuhlola imikhuba yabo yenkolo, singaqala ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngale mpucuko yasendulo nezimfihlo ababenazo.
Ukunyamalala okungaqondakali kwe Anasazi
Impucuko ye-Anasazi iyisiko elithakazelisayo nelingaqondakali osekungamakhulu eminyaka lidida izazi-mlando. Bathuthukisa izakhiwo zabo ezimangalisayo, izinqubo zemigwaqo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ubuciko namasiko ahlaba umxhwele, kanye nendlela yokuphila eyingqayizivele, nokho, cishe ngo-1300 AD, impucuko yama-Anasazi yanyamalala kungazelelwe emlandweni, yashiya amanxiwa nezinto zayo zobuciko kuphela. Ukunyamalala kwe-Anasazi kungenye yezimfihlakalo ezinkulu kakhulu emivubukulweni yaseNyakatho Melika. Naphezu kwezinkolelo-mbono eziningi ezithakazelisayo, kuhlanganise nokuhileleka kwamanye amazwe, eziye zabekwa phambili, akekho owazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi kungani ama-Anasazi ashabalala.
Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi baphoqeleke ukuba bahambe ngenxa yemvelo efana nesomiso noma indlala. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi bathuthela kwezinye izindawo, mhlawumbe ezikude njengaseNingizimu Melika. Noma kunjalo, abanye bakholelwa ukuthi baqedwa impi noma izifo. Enye yemibono ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi ama-Anasazi ayeyisisulu sempumelelo yawo. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izinhlelo zokunisela ze-Anasazi ezithuthukisiwe zabangela ukuba basebenzise umhlabathi ngokweqile futhi bacekele phansi izinsiza zabo, bese emva kwalokho. ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu ekugcineni kwaholela ekuweni kwabo.
Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ama-Anasazi kungenzeka ayeyizisulu zezinkolelo zawo zenkolo noma zezombangazwe. Naphezu kwemibono eminingi, ukunyamalala kwe-Anasazi kuseyimpicabadala. Esikwaziyo ukuthi ama-Anasazi ashiye ifa elicebile lamasiko eliqhubeka nokuthakasela futhi lisikhuthaza namuhla. Ngobuciko babo, izakhiwo, nezitsha zobumba, singakwazi ukubona umhlaba owadlula kudala kodwa ongalibaleki.
Ingabe amaPuebloan anamuhla ayinzalo yama-Anasazi?
AmaPuebloan, noma abantu basePueblo, bangaboMdabu baseMelika eNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States abahlanganyela ngezolimo, izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezinqubo zenkolo ezifanayo. Phakathi kwePueblos ehlala abantu njengamanje, iTaos, iSan Ildefonso, i-Acoma, iZuni, neHopi ingezinye ezaziwa kakhulu. Abantu basePueblo bakhuluma izilimi ezivela emindenini emine ehlukene yezilimi, futhi iPueblo ngayinye iphinde ihlukaniswe ngokwesiko ngezinhlelo zokuhlobana nezinqubo zezolimo, nakuba bonke belima izinhlobo zommbila.
Isiko lama-Ancestral Puebloan lihlukaniswe laba yizindawo ezintathu eziyinhloko noma amagatsha, ngokusekelwe endaweni yendawo:
- I-Chaco Canyon (enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNew Mexico)
- I-Kayenta (enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Arizona)
- INyakatho yeSan Juan (iMesa Verde neHovenweep National Monument - eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeColorado naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Utah)
Amasiko anamuhla e-Pueblo omlomo akholelwa ukuthi ama-Ancestral Puebloans avela e-sipapu, lapho avela khona ezweni elingaphansi komhlaba. Iminyaka engaziwa, ayeholwa amakhosi futhi eqondiswa imimoya njengoba ayeqeda ukufuduka okukhulu kulo lonke izwekazi laseNyakatho Melika. Baqale bazinza ezindaweni zase-Ancestral Puebloan iminyaka engamakhulu ambalwa ngaphambi kokuthuthela ezindaweni zabo zamanje.
Ngakho-ke, kucace kakhulu ukuthi abantu basePueblo baye bahlala eNingizimu-ntshonalanga yaseMelika iminyaka eyinkulungwane futhi behla kubantu base-Ancestral Pueblo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igama elithi Anasazi ngezinye izikhathi lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kubantu basePueblo okhokho, kodwa manje seligwenywa kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi i-Anasazi igama lesiNavajo elisho Abadala noma Isitha Sasendulo, yingakho abantu basePueblo benqaba ngalo.
Isiphetho
Sengiphetha, ama-Anasazi ayeyimpucuko eyingqayizivele, ethuthukile neyimpicabadala eyashiya izinto eziningi ezithakazelisayo nezihlaba umxhwele zezokwakha, isayensi yezinkanyezi, nengokomoya. Naphezu kwalokho abakufezile, kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngabantu bakwa-Anasazi. Isiko kanye nendlela yabo yokuphila kuseyimpicabadala, futhi izazi-mlando kanye nabavubukuli bahlale bezama ukuhlanganisa imikhondo ukuze bafunde okwengeziwe ngale mpucuko yasendulo. Esikwaziyo ukuthi babengabalimi, abazingeli nabaqoqi abanekhono, futhi babephila ngokuzwana nomhlaba, besebenzisa imithombo yawo ngendlela eqhubekayo.
Nokho, imfihlakalo yokusuka kwabo kungazelelwe esifundeni isalokhu ingaxazululeki, nokho ifa labo lisabonakala emasikweni ezizwe zomdabu njengamaHopi namuhla. Kodwa lokhu akwanele ukufakazela ukuthi oAnasazi bavele bapakisha izikhwama zabo bahamba baya kwenye indawo. Amakhono abo kwezobunjiniyela nokwakha, kanye nokuqonda kwawo umkhathi, ayemangalisa uma kubhekwa inkathi abachuma ngayo. Indaba ye-Anasazi isebenza njengobufakazi bobuhlakani nobuhlakani besintu, futhi iyisikhumbuzo somlando wethu owabelana ngawo nabantu basendulo abafika ngaphambi kwethu.
