Ihambisana nezolimo, isayensi yezinkanyezi yathatha izinyathelo zayo zokuqala phakathi kwemifula iTigris ne-Ewufrathe, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-10,000 1,400 edlule. Amarekhodi amadala kakhulu ale sayensi angabaseSumeriya, okwathi ngaphambi kokunyamalala kwabo badlulisela kubantu besifunda ifa lezinganekwane nolwazi. Leli gugu lisekela ukwenziwa kwesiko lezinkanyezi ngokwalo eBhabhiloni, okwathi, ngokusho kwesazi semivubukulo se-Astro-Mathieu Ossendrijver, laliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Kumagazini wakamuva kakhulu weSayensi, umcwaningi wase-University of Humboldt, eJalimane, uhlaziya imininingwane yamathebulethi aseBabiloni aveza ukuthi izazi zezinkanyezi zale mpucuko yaseMesopotamiya zalusebenzisa kanjani ulwazi okukholakala ukuthi lwavela eminyakeni eyi-XNUMX XNUMX kuphela kamuva, eYurophu.
Eminyakeni eyi-14 eyedlule, uchwepheshe ubeke eceleni isonto ngonyaka ukwenza uhambo oluya eBritish Museum, lapho kugcinwa khona iqoqo elikhulu lamaphilisi aseBabiloni asukela ku-350 BC kanye no-50 BC. Egcwaliswe ngemibhalo ye-cuneiform evela kubantu bakaNebukadinesari, baveza iphazili: imininingwane yezibalo zezinkanyezi nayo equkethe imiyalo yokwakha isibalo se-trapezoidal. Kwakuthakazelisa, njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa lapho kwakucatshangwa ukuthi abungaziwa izazi zezinkanyezi zasendulo.
Kodwa-ke, u-Ossendrijver wathola, imiyalo yayihambisana nezibalo zejometri ezichaza ukuhamba kweJupiter, iplanethi eyayimele uMarduk, unkulunkulu ongumvikeli wabaseBabiloni. Wabe esethola ukuthi izibalo ze-trapezoidal ezibhalwe ematsheni zaziyithuluzi lokubala ukufuduka kweplanethi enkulu nsuku zonke eduze kwe-ecliptic (umzila we-Sun obonakalayo njengoba ubonwe eMhlabeni) izinsuku ezingama-60. Ngokusobala, abapristi bezinkanyezi abaqashwe emathempelini aleli dolobha babengababhali bezibalo namarekhodi e-astral.
“Sasingazi ukuthi abaseBabiloni basebenzisa kanjani i-geometry, imidwebo kanye nezibalo kusayensi yezinkanyezi. Sasazi ukuthi bakwenza lokho ngezibalo. Kwakwaziwa futhi ukuthi basebenzisa izibalo nge-geometry cishe nge-1,800 BC, hhayi nje nge-astronomy. Izindaba ukuthi siyazi ukuthi basebenzise ijiyometri ukubala ukuma kwamaplanethi ” Kusho umbhali wokutholwa.
Uprofesa we-Physics nomqondisi we-Brasília Astronomy Club, uRicardo Melo uyanezela ukuthi, kuze kube yileso sikhathi, bekukholelwa ukuthi amasu asetshenziswa abaseBabiloni ayevele ngekhulu le-14, eYurophu, ngokwethulwa kwe-Mertonian Average Velocity Theorem. Isiphakamiso sisho ukuthi, lapho umzimba ubhekene nokusheshiswa okungaguquguquki okungaguquguquki okulodwa ohlangothini olufanayo lokunyakaza, isivinini saso siyahluka ngokufana, ngokulingana, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Sikubiza ngokuthi yi-Uniformly Varied Movement. Ukufuduswa kungabalwa ngokusho kwe-arithmetic yamamojula wejubane kusilinganiso sokuqala nesokugcina sezilinganiso, siphindaphindwe ngesikhathi sokugcina somcimbi; ichaza okungokwenyama.
“Yilapho okugqanyiswe khona kakhulu esifundweni” kuqhuba uRicardo Melo. AbaseBabiloni babona ukuthi indawo yalowo mshayi yayihlobene ngqo nokufuduswa kweJupiter. "Ukubonakaliswa kwangempela kokuthi izinga lokukhishwa kokucabanga kwezibalo ngaleso sikhathi, kuleyo mpucuko, lalilikhulu kakhulu kunalokho ebesikucabanga," Kusho uchwepheshe. Uveza ukuthi, ukwenza lula ukubonwa kwalawa maqiniso, kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokuxhumanisa izimbazo (indiza yaseCartesian), echazwe kuphela nguRené Descartes noPierre de Fermat ngekhulu le-17.
Ngakho-ke, kusho uMelo, noma bengalisebenzisanga leli thuluzi lezibalo, abaseBabiloni bakwazile ukukhombisa okukhulu ngobungcitshi bezibalo. "Ngokufingqa: ukubalwa kwendawo ye-trapezium njengendlela yokunquma ukufuduka kwe-Jupiter kudlulele ngalé kwe-geometry yamaGrikhi, ebikhathaza kuphela ubujamo bejometri, njengoba idala isikhala sezibalo esingaqondakali njengendlela yokuchaza umhlaba esihlala kuwo . ” Yize usolwazi engakholelwa ukuthi lokho okutholakele kungaphazamisa ngqo ulwazi lwamanje lwezibalo, ziveza ukuthi lolu lwazi lwalahleka kanjani ngesikhathi saze sakhiwa kabusha ngokuzimela phakathi kwamakhulu eminyaka ayi-14 kuya kwayi-17 kamuva.
UMathieu Ossendrijver wabelana ngokukhombisa okufanayo: “Isiko laseBabiloni lanyamalala ngo-AD 100, futhi imibhalo ye-cuneiform yayikhohliwe. Ulimi lufa nenkolo yabo icishiwe. Ngamanye amagama: isiko lonke ebelikhona iminyaka eyi-3,000 seliphelile, kanye nolwazi olutholakele. Okuncane kuphela okutholwe amaGreki ” kuphawula umbhali. KuRicardo Melo, leli qiniso liphakamisa imibuzo. Impucuko yethu ngabe injani namuhla ukube ulwazi lwesayensi lwakudala belugcinwe futhi lwadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ezilandelayo? Ngabe umhlaba wethu ubungathuthuka kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe? Ngabe impucuko yethu ibingasinda kusengaphambili kangaka? Kunenqwaba yemibuzo esingayibuza izizathu zothisha.
Lolu hlobo lwe-geometry luvela kumarekhodi asezikhathini zasendulo avela eNgilandi naseFrance asukela cishe ku-1350 AD Omunye wabo watholakala e-Oxford, eNgilandi. “Abantu bebefunda ukubala ibanga elimbozwe ngumzimba osheshisa noma wehla. Bathuthukise isisho futhi bakhombisa ukuthi kufanele ulinganise ijubane. Lokhu bese kuphindaphindwa ngesikhathi ukuthola ibanga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwenye indawo eParis, uNicole Oresme wathola into efanayo futhi wenza nemidwebo. Okusho ukuthi, uliklama ijubane ” kuchaza uMathieu Ossendrijver.
“Phambilini, besingazi ukuthi abaseBabiloni basebenzisa kanjani i-geometry, amagrafu, nezibalo kusayensi yezinkanyezi. Sasazi ukuthi bakwenza lokho ngezibalo. (…) Okusha ukuthi siyazi ukuthi basebenzise ijiyometri ukubala ukuma kwamaplanethi ” kucashunwe uMathieu Ossendrijver, isazi semivubukulo se-Astro.
