Ngo-2008, isibhebhe sobumba se-cuneiform ― esadida izazi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-150 ― sahunyushwa ngokokuqala ngqa. Ithebhulethi manje yaziwa njengokubonwa kwesimanje kwe-Sumer of the asteroid impact e-Köfels, Austria. Kodwa ayikho i-crater endaweni yase-Köfels, ngakho-ke emehlweni esimanje akubukeki sengathi isayithi lomthelela kufanele libukeke ngempela, futhi umcimbi we-Köfels usalokhu uqanjiwe kuze kube yilolu suku. Ngakho-ke, ubufakazi obucacile obusesibhebheni sobumba se-cuneiform obadida abacwaningi bangaphambili buyimfihlakalo!
I-Sumerian Planisphere - imephu yenkanyezi ekhohliwe
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, isibhebhe esiyindilinga esakhiwe ngetshe satholwa emtatsheni wezincwadi ongaphansi weNkosi u-Ashurbanipal eNineve, e-Iraq, wango-650 BC, nguHenry Layard. Kucatshangwa isikhathi eside ukuthi ithebhulethi yase-Asiriya, ukuhlaziywa kwekhompiyutha kuqhathanise nesibhakabhaka ngaphezu kweMesophothamiya ngo-3,300 BC futhi kubonise ukuthi indala kakhulu yemvelaphi yaseSumeri.
Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kuka-150 ososayensi bezama ukuxazulula imfihlakalo yalesi sibhebhe sobumba se-cuneiform esiyimpikiswano esibonisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi isenzakalo somthelela sika-Köfel sabonwa amaSumer ezikhathini zasendulo. Kwakuyisigameko esimangalisayo lapho i-asteroid enobude bekhilomitha yaphahlazeka e-Alps, eduze kwase-Köfels, e-Austria eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-5,600 edlule.
Ithebhulethi iyi "Astrolabe," insimbi yokuqala yezinkanyezi eyaziwayo. Iqukethe ishadi lezinkanyezi elenziwe ngecezu, elenziwe ngediski elinamayunithi amakwe we-engeji ebhalwe phezu komphetho. Ngeshwa, izingxenye ezibucayi (cishe u-40%) zomhlaba ongaphansi kwalesi sibhebhe azikho, umonakalo oholele ekuxoshweni kweNineve. Ukubuyela emuva kwethebhulethi akubhaliwe.
Impucuko yasendulo yaseSumeriya kungenzeka ukuthi yayingathuthukile ngomqondo weskripthi esibhaliwe, ngokwesibonelo, kepha impela babeyiqonda inkanyezi nesibhakabhaka ebusuku ngezinga elithile. Futhi lokhu kusobala kule Star Map yaseSumerian eneminyaka engama-5600.
Isacutshungulwa izazi zanamuhla, ithebhulethi ye-cuneiform eseqoqweni leBritish Museum i-No K8538 - eyaziwa ngokuthi “i-Planisphere” - inikeza ubufakazi obedlulele bokuba khona kwesayensi yezinkanyezi esezingeni eliphezulu yaseSumerian.
Amaqiniso ayi-10 athakazelisayo nge-Sumerian Planisphere
Yize yatholwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-150 eyedlule, iSumerian Planisphere isihunyushwe eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule kuphela, iveze ukubonwa okudala kunakho konke okubhalwe entweni yasemkhathini ezavela emkhathini yafika phezu komhlaba - inkanyezi enomsila. Lapha, kule ndatshana, kukhona amanye amaqiniso abaluleke kakhulu ngaleli Star Map lakudala laseSumerian.
1 | Idethi eqondile yomthelela wenkanyezi enomsila
Imibhalo yethebhulethi inikeza usuku nosuku oluqondile lokuthi umthelela wesibhakabhaka emkhathini: June 29, 3123 BC, ngokusho kwemibhalo.
2 | Amanxiwa eRoyal Library yeNkosi u-Ashurbanipal ayephethe izibhebhe ezingaphezu kuka-20,000 XNUMX kuhlanganise ne-Sumerian Planisphere.
Bangaphezu kuka-20,000 150 amaphilisi ezinto zakudala avubukulwa abavubukuli lapho bemba indawo yasendulo yedolobha laseNineve, okwathatha iminyaka eminingana ukuphothulwa. I- “Planisphere,” okuyiyona esikhuluma ngayo namuhla, kukholelwa kakhulu ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukuyihumusha. Ngenhlanhla, eminyakeni engu-XNUMX kamuva, imibhalo eyayisele yahunyushwa, yembula ingcebo yokwaziswa okwakungaziwa ngaphambili.
3 | I-Planisphere iyikhophi eqondile yaleyo yokuqala
Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi i-Planisphere iwumfanekiso ofanayo wethebhulethi endala eyakhiwe isazi sezinkanyezi nesibukeli sesenzakalo sangempela phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwaso.
4 | Uchungechunge lwezithombe eziyisishiyagalombili lubonisa umcimbi wonke, kusukela ekubukeni kwenkanyezi enomsila kuya kumthelela wayo ekugcineni
Naphezu kobukhulu balo obunciphile (cishe ububanzi obungamasentimitha angu-14), ithebhulethi ye-Sumerian Star Map iveza ngobuciko inkambo yezenzakalo ngokuyihlukanisa ibe izingcezu eziyisishiyagalombili noma izithombe. Cishe ingxenye yemibhalo eqoshiwe yacekelwa phansi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kodwa izingxenye ezazisele zisengahunyushwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bamanje. Ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo nobuso bayo, umakhi wethebhulethi ukwazile ukudlulisa inani elimangazayo lolwazi mayelana nokubona kanye nemiphumela yako.
5 | Kunemifanekiso yamaqoqo ezinkanyezi namagama awo afanele ku-Sumerian Star Map
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sicabanga ukuthi okhokho bethu basendulo babengathuthuki kangakanani, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi babenokuqonda okuphakeme kwesibhakabhaka sasebusuku kanye nezinkanyezi ezingaphezu kwemicabango yethu. Kunemifanekiso ye-constellation ku-Planisphere, kanye namagama abo nokuthi ihlobene kuphi nendlela yokuhamba kwe-comet ngokunembile. Isithombe sesithathu, ngokwesibonelo, sembula ukuthi inkanyezi enomsila idlule e-Orion ngosuku lwesi-9 lomkhosi.
6 | Isazi sezinkanyezi sasendulo sasisebenzisa izilinganiso zetrigonometrical ezinembe ngendlela ehlaba umxhwele
Isazi sezinkanyezi sasendulo sasinokuqonda okuhle kakhulu kwe-trigonometry futhi sakwazi ukuqopha indlela yendiza yenkanyezi enomsila, isikhathi sokufika, nebanga elihanjiwe kusukela ngesikhathi saqala ukubonakala esibhakabhakeni.
7 | Izithombe ezinhlanu zokuqala zichaza izinsuku ezingama-20 zokugcinwa kwezinkanyezi
Sekuvele kushiwo ukuthi ithebhulethi ihlukaniswe izingcezu eziyisishiyagalombili noma izithombe, ezikhonjiswa ngendlela elandelanayo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi idatha evezwe ngalolu hlelo, kusukela kokuqala kuya kweyesihlanu, ihlanganisa ukubonwa kusukela ekubonweni kokuqala kwezinkanyezi kuze kube sekupheleni kosuku lwama-20 ngaphambi komthelela wosuku lwamashumi amabili nanye. Ngakho, inkanyezi enomsila iboniswa kulezi zithombe ezinhlanu kuyilapho ibonakala ngaphezu komkhathizwe.
8 | Isithombe sesithupha nesesikhombisa zichaza umthelela kanye nomphumela wawo
Nakuba owayebukele engazange awubone umthelela ekude ngoba kwakuzosho ukuphela kwempilo yakhe, wachaza ukukhanya kwe-flash esibhakabhakeni kanye nokukhuphuka okukhulu kwamapayipi omlotha ngenxa yokushayisana, okuqoshwe esibhakabhakeni. ithebhulethi. Ngokufingqa, isithombe sesikhombisa sithwebula yonke imicimbi eyenzeke ebusuku ngemuva kokuwa kwemeteor. Ngalé komkhathizwe, amakholomu omlotha obomvu ovuthayo nezintuli akhuphukela phezu kwamanzi, abonakale ebumnyameni.
9 | Isithombe sesishiyagalombili, okuyisithombe sokugcina, sihlanganisa ukubalwa kwendlela yokuhamba yenkanyezi enomsila
Isazi sezinkanyezi sasendulo asizange sikuqede esikubonile kwaze kwaba senza isilinganiso esifanele sendlela yezinkanyezi ezinomsila ngaphambi kokuba sishayisane noMhlaba. Kwakuwusuku lwama-21 lokubhekwa ngemva kwalokho isithombe sesishiyagalombili sadalwa ngemva komthelela. Kunokubonwa okune kokundiza kwenkanyezi enomsila okuthathwe emini ngaphambi nje kokuphahlazeka okuboniswe kulesi sithombe. Ngokuphawulekayo, lonke ukulandelana kokwaziswa okulotshwe esibhebheni kuyamangalisa, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi lonke iqoqo lokubuka lenziwa eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-5,200 XNUMX edlule.
10 | Inkanyezi enomsila echazwe kumephu yenkanyezi yaseSumerian kungenzeka ukuthi ilethe isiphetho sempucuko eminingi yasendulo
Ama-meteor abhekene nokuqedwa kwempilo eMhlabeni ezikhathini eziningi kuwo wonke umlando, futhi ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi le comet kungenzeka yaba nomthelela omkhulu empilweni ezweni lasendulo. Ngokuqondile, idolobha lasendulo lase-Akkad, abavubukuli abangakakwazi ukulithola, belingabhujiswa ngokuphelele ngumthelela wezinkanyezi ezinomsila. Nakuba indawo eqondile yaleli dolobha eliyinganekwane kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo namanje akwaziwa, nokho, kungenzeka ukuthi lacekelwa phansi ngenxa yokuthi laliseduze kakhulu nendawo yomthelela. Le nkanyezi enomsila yamane yasula yonke into.
Kungenzeka yini ukuthi iThebhulethi K8535 ibe yimpendulo ekudilikeni komhlaba okuyimfihlakalo okukhulu eKöfels?
Ukudilika kwenhlabathi okukhulu okugxile eKöfels e-Austria kungamamitha angama-500 ubukhulu namakhilomitha amahlanu ububanzi futhi sekuyisikhathi eside kuyimfihlakalo kusukela izazi zokwakheka komhlaba zakubuka okokuqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Isiphetho esidonswe ngocwaningo maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 bekuwukuthi kumele kube ngenxa yomthelela omkhulu kakhulu wemeteor ngenxa yobufakazi bokucindezelwa okuqothulayo nokuqhuma.
Kepha lo mbono ulahlekelwe umusa njengokuqonda okungcono kakhulu kwezindawo ezinomthelela ezakhiwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kodwa-ke, ubufakazi obucacile obubhalwe kuthebhulethi yeSumerian Planisphere K8535 buyisa umbono wethonya futhi. Akunjalo?
Isiphetho
Ithebhulethi engu-K8535 iyikhophi yaseBabiloni esephuzile yesibhebhe sokuqala sezinkanyezi saseSumerian. Umbhalo wokuqala, obhekwa njengobaluleke kakhulu, ukopishwe ngaphezu kweminyaka engu-2,500 XNUMX.
I-comet ebonwe yadlula iPleiades, i-Aldebaran, yadlulela phambili e-Orion futhi ekugcineni yashayisana nempucuko yezolimo esezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu yase-Akkad naseSumer, ngo-3123 BC, yachitha wonke umbuso wase-Akkadian nenhloko-dolobha yayo i-Agade.
Cishe i-40% yethebhulethi ayikho. Ngenhlanhla, yonke indlela yendiza ye-comet igcinwe. Izigaba eziphukile ikakhulukazi zibhekana nokuqashelwa okuphathelene nomthelela uqobo kanye nomthelela osusondele ngemuva, kuqoshwa okungabonakala kumbhoshongo wokubuka, kubheke ngasendaweni yokuphahlazeka. Imininingwane yanele ukwakha kabusha inqubekela phambili eningiliziwe kanye nokulandelana kwenqubo yomthelela.
I-akhawunti yobufakazi ka-K8538 kumele ibhekwe njengengxenye yenani elikhulu lamalilo "wedolobha laseMesopotamiya" eligcinwe, elibika ukuphela kwe-Akkad neSumer ngesiphepho esikhulu sasemkhathini.
Lezi zililo zazifundiswa esiteji esidlangalaleni eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziningi, zihambisana nesizinda sezigubhu. Isitayela sabo senkondlo sokulila sidukise izazi zama-assyriology anamuhla ukuze ziveze ukuthi leyo mibhalo ayilutho ngaphandle kokujabulisa izinganekwane nezinganekwane, nokuthi akukaze kube nesiphepho esonakalisayo eSumer, singanaki ukubonwa kwamakhulu ofakazi bomlando.
Ithebhulethi yokubuka i-K8538 yenziwe yisazi sezinkanyezi saseSumeriya esingaqaphile, esizwe ukubaluleka komlando walo mcimbi embhoshongweni wakhe wokubheka izinkanyezi futhi wanquma ukuwubhala. Ababhali uBond noHempsell bamnika igama elithi "Lugalansheigibar - indoda enkulu ebuke isibhakabhaka."
Ukubona kwakhe kwe-trigonometrical kufakaza indlela yezinkanyezi ezinomsila nomthelela wayo wasemhlabeni. Ngalesi sizathu, i-K8538 ibigadiwe, yabuyiselwa futhi yakopishwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane. Ithebhulethi ikhombisa izinga eliphakeme lesayensi nezinkanyezi elifinyelelwe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezine eyedlule.
Namuhla, inani langempela le-K8538 aligcini nje ngomlando. Kubaluleke kakhulu nanamuhla nekusasa lesintu, ngoba kuphethe umbono oyingqayizivele nonembile we-asteroid yasemkhathini eyingozi, ethinta umhlaba.
