Impucuko iyaphakama futhi iwele ngokuphazima kweso lesikhala. Lapho sithola izindawo zabo zasendulo amashumi eminyaka, izizukulwane, noma amakhulu eminyaka kamuva, kwesinye isikhathi sithola ukuthi bashiywa ngemuva kwesifo esibi, indlala noma inhlekelele, noma baqedwa yimpi. Kwesinye isikhathi, asitholi lutho, futhi uma kukhona okusele, kuyimibono ethile 'engaphelele nezimpikiswano ezingasonjululwanga.'
1 | E -atalhöyük, eTurkey
Ngo-7,500 XNUMX BCE, leli dolobha elisesifundeni saseMesopotamiya - manje eyiTurkey - laligcina izinkulungwane zabantu futhi likholelwa abaningi ukuthi lingelinye lamadolobha okuqala emhlabeni. Kepha isiko labantu lapha belingafani nanoma yini esiyaziyo namuhla.
Okokuqala, bakha idolobha njengekhekheba lezinyosi, nezindlu ezihlanganyela izindonga. Imizi nezakhiwo bekungenwa ngeminyango enqunywe ophahleni. Abantu babezulazula emigwaqweni bewela lolu phahla, bese behla ngezitebhisi baye ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala. Iminyango ivame ukumakwa ngezimpondo zezinkunzi, futhi amalungu omndeni ashonile angcwatshwe phansi komuzi ngamunye.
Akucaci ukuthi kwenzekani ngesiko labantu ababehlala kuleli dolobha. Isitayela sabo sokwakha sibonakala sihlukile, kepha abavubukuli bathole izithombe eziningi zonkulunkulukazi wenzalo edolobheni ezifana nezinye ezitholakala esifundeni. Ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuthi ngenkathi idolobha lishiywa, isiko lalo laphumela ngaphandle kwamanye amadolobha esifundeni saseMesopotamiya.
2 | IPalenque Of Mexico - Impucuko YamaMaya
Njengenye yezindawo ezinkulu nezigcinwe kahle zamadolobha amaMaya, iPalenque iwuphawu lwempicabadala yempucuko yonke yamaMaya - eyavuka, yalawula izingxenye ezithile zeMexico, iGuatemala, iBelize neHonduras, yabe isinyamalala incazelo encane.
Kutholakale ngawo-1950, iDolobha lasePalenque eliyincithakalo lilele endaweni evikelekile yamahlathi aseMexico, elingenye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu kuwo wonke amanxiwa aseMayan. Idume ngokuqoshwa kwayo okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi njengendawo yokuphumula yePakal the Great, leli dolobha kwake kwaba yidolobha elikhulu elichumayo phakathi kuka-500 AD no-700 AD futhi laliyikhaya labantu abacishe babe yizi-6,000 ekuphakameni kwalo.
Yize inzalo yamaMaya isachuma eMexico naseCentral America, akekho owaziyo ukuthi kungani amadolobha amakhulu amaMaya awela emanxiweni futhi ekugcineni ashiywa ngawo-1400s. I-Palenque yayisenkathini yayo yobudala ngesikhathi sasendulo sempucuko yamaMaya, kusukela cishe ngo-700-1000 AD. Njengamadolobha amaningi amaMaya, yayinamathempeli, izigodlo, nezimakethe ezazimangalisa ngempela.
Kodwa-ke, iPalenque, eseduze nalokho namuhla okwaziwa ngokuthi isifunda saseChiapas, ingukutholwa okukhulu kwemivubukulo ngoba inezithombe nemibhalo eqoshiwe evela empucukweni yamaMaya, enikeza imininingwane eminingi emayelana namakhosi, izimpi, nempilo yansuku zonke wabantu bamaMaya. Imibono yokuthi kungani lokhu namanye amadolobha amaMaya ashiywa ahlanganisa izimpi, indlala nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu.
Kuneminye imidwebo efihlekile ekhombisa izimpawu eziyinqaba, ezihunyushwe ngenye indlela njengezimpawu zezinkanyezi noma zenkolo, noma uphawu oluchaza ukusetshenziswa komkhumbi-mkhathi ngumufi lapho eya ezweni elilandelayo.
Manje eyiGugu Lomhlaba, yingxenye kuphela yezakhiwo zikaPalenque ezilinganiselwa ku-1,500 XNUMX ezivunyiwe. Phakathi kwalabo abacwaningwe kahle kubalwa ithuna likaPakal the Great, kanye nethempeli leNdlovukazi Ebomvu. Lezi zinsuku zanikeza ulwazi lokuthi amaMaya adwebe izidumbu zezikhulu zawo esezishonile ngombala obomvu ogqamile - obomvu ofanayo obuzosetshenziselwa ukupenda izakhiwo eziningi. KumaMaya, umbala obomvu wawungumbala wegazi nombala wempilo.
UPalenque washiywa ngekhulu le-10 CE, washiywa ukuba ambozwe yihlathi futhi alondolozwe yizimvelo ezifanayo ezake zagawulwa kulo. Kunemibono eminingi yokuthi kungani abantu beshiye idolobha, kusuka endlaleni ebangelwe yisomiso kuya ekushintsheni kwamandla ezepolitiki. Usuku lokugcina esazi ngalo ukuthi leli dolobha lalinabantu kwakunguNovemba 17, 799 - usuku oluqoshwe esitsheni.
I-El Mirador:
Lapho ososayensi behlola emahlathini aseGuatemala ngobuchwepheshe be-LiDAR, bathola inethiwekhi yasendulo yemigwaqo nezindawo ezifihliwe ehlathini. Bahlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha angama-87 eyasiza ukudala i-El Mirador, indawo yempucuko yamaMaya.
Ubuchwepheshe beLaser obaziwa ngokuthi yiLiDAR bususa ngamadijithi ehlathi ukwembula amanxiwa asendulo ngezansi, okukhombisa ukuthi amadolobha amaMaya anjengeTikal ayemakhulu kakhulu kunalokho okusikiselwe ucwaningo olwenziwa phansi.
Abaphenyi bathola amanxiwa ezindlu ezingaphezu kwezi-60,000, izigodlo, imigwaqo emikhulu ephakeme, nezinye izinto ezenziwe ngabantu ezifihliwe amakhulu eminyaka ngaphansi kwamahlathi asenyakatho yeGuatemala.
Le phrojekthi ibalazwe ngaphezulu kwamakhilomitha-skwele angama-800 (amakhilomitha-skwele angama-2,100) eMaya Biosphere Reserve esifundeni sasePetén eGuatemala, kukhiqizwa idatha enkulu kakhulu yeLiDAR esetshenziselwe ucwaningo lwezinto zakudala.
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi i-Central America isekele impucuko esezingeni eliphakeme eyayineminyaka engu-1,200 XNUMX edlule, eyayifana kakhulu namasiko ayinkimbinkimbi njengeGrisi lasendulo noma iChina kunedolobha elihlakazekile nelinabantu abambalwa lithi ucwaningo olwenziwe phansi kudala lwasikisela.
3 | I-Cahokia, United States
ICahokia Mounds State Historic Site iyindawo yedolobha langaphambi kweColumbian Native American ngqo ngaphesheya koMfula iMississippi kusuka eSt. Louis, eMissouri yanamuhla. Amanxiwa amadolobha amadala aseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Illinois phakathi kwe-East St. Louis neCollinsville.
I-Cahokia ibingamakhulu eminyaka idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke eNyakatho Melika. Izakhamizi zayo zakha izindunduma ezinkulu zobumba - ezinye zazo ongazivakashela nanamuhla - namaplaza amakhulu abesebenza njengezimakethe nezindawo zokuhlangana. Kunobufakazi obuqinile bokuthi izakhamizi zazinemikhuba yezolimo esezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu, nokuthi baphambukisa izinkokhelo zeMississippi izikhathi eziningana ukunisela amasimu abo.
NjengamaMaya, abantu baseCahokia babesezingeni eliphakeme lomphakathi phakathi kuka-600-1400 AD. Akekho owaziyo ukuthi kungani idolobha lashiywa, nokuthi isifunda sikwazile kanjani ukuxhasa impucuko enkulu kangaka yabantu abasemadolobheni efinyelela kubantu abangama-40,000 amakhulu eminyaka.
UCahokia uyadukisa ngandlela thile, ngoba asiqiniseki ukuthi abantu ababehlala lapho bazibiza kanjani. Sithole izindunduma zemingcwabo zemikhosi, kufaka phakathi eyodwa enezinyathelo ezinkulu ukwedlula amaphiramidi amakhulu waseGibhithe. Ukusho lokhu, kuncane kakhulu okwaziwayo ngomlando uqobo nobubanzi balezi zindawo zokuhlala. Abavubukuli baphikisana ngokuthi indawo yokuhlala yayinkulu kangakanani, ngesilinganiso sabantu esisukela ku-10,000 15,000 kuya ku-30,000 senkaba enkulu yedolobha, nabanye abantu abangama-XNUMX bezinza kulokho okwakungamaphethelo.
Yasungulwa cishe ngo-1050 AD ngejubane elimangazayo, futhi yalahlwa ngokuphelele ngesikhathi uColumbus efika emhlabeni eNew World. Idolobha likhombisa izimpawu zokwakhiwa kabusha izikhathi eziningana phakathi kuka-1100 AD no-1275 AD, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokho, akekho owaziyo ukuthi kungani abantu abaningi bahamba. Ukushintshwa kwesimo sezulu kanye nokwehluleka kwezitshalo kubekiwe njengokuqagela ngokwenzeka kubantu basedolobheni, kepha ekupheleni kosuku, akekho owaziyo ngempela.
4 | IMachu Picchu, ePeru - Impucuko ye-Inca
Kuningi okusaxakile mayelana noMbuso Wama-Inca, owawuphethe izingxenye zezifunda manje ezaziwa ngokuthi iPeru, iChile, i-Ecuador, iBolivia ne-Argentina amakhulu eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba iSpain ihlasele, ichithe amadolobha ayo, futhi yashisa imitapo yolwazi yayo yamarekhodi e-quipu - i-Inca ulimi “olubhalwe” ngamafindo nangezintambo. Yize sazi okuningi ngobuchwepheshe be-Inca, ukwakhiwa kwezolimo kanye nezolimo ezithuthukile - konke lokhu okufakazelwa idolobha elikhulu laseInca iMachu Picchu - asikakwazi ukufunda okusele kwama-tapestries aqukethe amarekhodi abo abhaliwe.
Ingxenye ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi asiqondi ukuthi bawuqhuba kanjani umbuso omkhulu ngaphandle kokwakha imakethe eyodwa. Kunjalo - iMachu Picchu namanye amadolobha e-Inca aqukethe izimakethe. Lokhu kwehluke kakhulu kwamanye amadolobha amaningi, avame ukwakhiwa azungeze izikwele ezimaphakathi namaphaza. Impucuko ephumelele kangaka yaba khona kanjani ngaphandle komnotho owaziwayo? Mhlawumbe ngolunye usuku sizothola izimpendulo.
5 | Idolobha LaseGibhithe Elilahlekile LaseThonis
Ngekhulu lesi-8 BCE, leli dolobha elidumile laliyisango lokungena eGibhithe, idolobha eliyitheku eligcwele izikhumbuzo ezinhle, abathengisi abacebile, nezakhiwo ezinkulu. Manje icwiliswe ngokuphelele oLwandle iMedithera. UThonis waqala ukwehla kancane ngemuva kokuvela kwe-Alexandria ngekhulu lesi-3 CE. Kodwa ekugcineni, leso silayidi saba ngokoqobo, njengoba idolobha laminza olwandle olwake lwaba umthombo wengcebo yalo.
Akekho owaziyo ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani, kepha ngekhulu lesi-8 CE, idolobha lase lihambile. Kungenzeka ukuthi kube yisisulu sokuchayeka ngemuva kokuzamazama komhlaba. Muva nje okutholwe kabusha ngumvubukuli uFranck Goddio, idolobha laseThonis elingaphansi kwamanzi, elaziwa nangokuthi yiHeracleion, manje sekumbiwa kancane kancane oLwandle iMedithera ngasogwini lwaseGibhithe. Funda kabanzi
6 | Impucuko yase-Indus Valley, Pakistan-India
Ekhaya lesinye sezimangaliso ezinkulu zokwakha ezenziwe ngumuntu emhlabeni wasendulo, i-Indus Valley Civilization - eyayaziwa ngesikhathi sethonya layo njengempucuko yaseHarappan - yayiphakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala zakuqala ezisemadolobheni kunoma yiliphi izwekazi. Kanye neGibhithe lasendulo neMesopotamiya, kwakungomunye wemiphakathi emithathu yaseMpumalanga Eseduze naseNingizimu Asia, futhi kwezintathu, ezazisakazeke kakhulu, amasayithi ayo ahlanganisa indawo esukela enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afghanistan, enqamula ePakistan, nasentshonalanga enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNdiya. Yachuma ezindaweni zokugezela zoMfula i-Indus, ogeleza ezifundeni ezinkulu.
Itholakala ikakhulukazi ePakistan yanamuhla, i-Indus Valley Impucuko yathuthuka eminyakeni engama-4,500 1920 eyedlule yabe isikhohlakala kwaze kwaba ngawo-XNUMX lapho izinganekwane zendawo zaholela abavubukuli ukuba bembe futhi bavundulule amanxiwa alo amakhulu. Ithuthukile futhi ithuthukile kwezobuchwepheshe, le mpucuko, kubandakanya noMohenjo Daro odumile, ibinezinhlelo zokuqala zokukhucululwa kwendle zasemadolobheni, amachibi okufakelwa, igumbi lokuwasha, amasistimu okuhambisa amanzi, imithombo yezinyathelo ehleliwe yamakhaya ngamanye noma amaqembu emizi, kanye nobufakazi bokusebenza okumangazayo ngezibalo, ubunjiniyela kanye ne-proto-dentistry.
Ngonyaka we-1800 BCE, abantu baqala ukushiya amadolobha, futhi akekho owazi kahle ukuthi kungani. Eminye imibono iphakamisa ukuthi babaleka ngoba umfula womile ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu okuholele ekuweni kwezolimo, kanti abanye babalula isikhukhula noma ukuhlaselwa yizizwe zase-Indo-European noma abelusi bezinkomo ezihambahamba. Yize kungekho okuqinisekisiwe okwamanje.
Esigodini sase-Indus, kwakukhona amasiko angaphambili futhi kamuva abizwa nge-Early Harappan neLate Harappan endaweni efanayo. Impucuko yaseLate Harappan kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi yi-Mature Harappan ukuyihlukanisa namanye amasiko, akhula phakathi kuka-2600 BCE no-1900 BCE. Ngo-2002, kwakubikwe amadolobha nezindawo zokuhlala ezingaphezu kuka-1,000 XNUMX zaseMature Harappan, okungaphansi kwazo nje kwekhulu okumbiwe. Kodwa-ke, kunezindawo ezinhlanu kuphela ezisemadolobheni ezinkulu: iHarappa, iMohenjo-Daro, iDholavira, iGaneriwala eCholistan, neRakhigarhi.
7 | Umbuso waseKhmer wase-Angkor, eCambodia
Njengomunye wemibuso enamandla kakhulu eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, impucuko yaseKhmer yasabalala isuka eCambodia yanamuhla iye eLaos, Thailand, Vietnam, Vietnam naseMyanmar naseMalaysia futhi yaziwa kakhulu namuhla nge-Angkor, inhloko-dolobha yayo. Umbuso ubuyela emuva ku-802 CE. Ngaphandle kokubhalwa kwetshe, awekho amarekhodi abhaliwe asindile, ngakho-ke ulwazi lwethu ngempucuko luhlanganiswe ndawonye kusukela ekuphenyweni kwemivubukulo, izinsimbi ezisodongeni lwethempeli kanye nemibiko yabantu bangaphandle kubandakanya namaShayina.
AmaKhmers enza ubuHindu nobuBuddha futhi akha amathempeli ayinkimbinkimbi, imibhoshongo nezinye izakhiwo kubandakanya i-Angkor Wat, enikezelwe kunkulunkulu uVishnu. Ukuhlaselwa kwabantu bangaphandle, ukubulawa yisifo, izinkinga zokuphathwa kwamanzi ezithinta izitshalo zerayisi nezingxabano ngamandla emindenini yasebukhosini kungenzeka kwaholela ekuphelelweni kwalo mbuso, owagcina wehlela kubantu baseThai ngo-1431 CE.
8 | Umbuso wama-Aksumite, e-Ethiopia
Umuntu obambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuhwebeni noMbuso WaseRoma naseNdiya yasendulo, uMbuso wase-Aksumite - owaziwa nangokuthi yi-Kingdom of Aksum noma i-Axum - wabusa enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Afrika kubandakanya ne-Ethiopia kusukela ngekhulu lesi-4 BCE. Kuthathwa njengekhaya leNdlovukazi yaseSheba, uMbuso wama-Aksumite kungenzeka ukuthi wawuyintuthuko yomdabu yase-Afrika eyakhula yahlanganisa iningi le-Eritrea yanamuhla, enyakatho ye-Ethiopia, Yemen, eningizimu yeSaudi Arabia nasenyakatho yeSudan.
Umbuso wawunezinhlamvu zawo futhi wakha ama-obelisk amakhulu kakhulu afaka i-Obelisk ye-Axum, esamile namanje. Kwakungumbuso wokuqala omkhulu owaguqukela ebuKristwini. Ukwehla kwe-Axum kusolwe ngezindlela ezehlukene ngokuhlukaniswa kwezomnotho ngenxa yokwanda koMbuso wamaSulumane, ukuhlasela, noma ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu okuguqule isimo seNayile.
9 | AmaNabatean Alahlekile AsePetra, eJordani
Impucuko yasendulo yamaNabateya yayihlala eningizimu neJordani, iKhanani kanye nenyakatho yeArabia kusukela ngekhulu lesithupha BCE, lapho abakwaNabatean abakhuluma isi-Aramu beqala ukuhamba kancane kancane besuka e-Arabia. Ifa labo ligcizelelwa idolobha elihlaba umxhwele lasePetra, eliqoshwe edwaleni eliqinile le-sandstone lezintaba zaseJordani, futhi bakhunjulwa ngekhono labo lobunjiniyela bamanzi, ukuphatha uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwamadamu, imisele kanye namachibi okubasiza ukuba banwebe futhi bachume endaweni indawo ewugwadule eyomile.
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngamasiko abo futhi akukho zincwadi ezibhaliwe ezisinda. AmaNabatean avikela idolobha labo elihle lasePetra ku-Alexander Omkhulu futhi axoshwa izinduna zamasosha eza emva kwakhe. Baficwa amaRoma ngonyaka ka-65 BCE, abaphatha ngokugcwele ngo-106 CE, baqamba kabusha umbuso wase-Arabia Petrea.
Ngesinye isikhathi cishe ngekhulu lesi-4 CE, amaNabatean ashiya iPetra ngezizathu ezingaziwa. Kukholakala ukuthi, ngemuva kwamakhulu eminyaka yokubusa kwamanye amazwe, impucuko yaseNabatean yehliselwa ukuba ihlukanise amaqembu abalimi ababhala amaGrikhi abagcina bephendukele ebuKristwini ngaphambi kokuba amazwe abo abanjwe ngokuphelele ngabahlaseli base-Arab. Yize babekhuluma uhlobo oluthile lwesi-Arabhu, bashiya cishe akukho mibhalo ebhaliwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunokuntuleka okucacile kobuciko bomuntu edolobheni, okuphakamisa ukuthi noma yisiphi isizathu abantu ababenaso sokushiya idolobha, yiso esivumele ukuthi bathathe isikhathi sabo, baqoqe izinto zabo, futhi bahambe ngendlela ehlelekile. Kuthe lapho sebakhe idolobha labo lamaphupho, balwa namandla amaGrikhi, badlulwa amaRoma, babona ukuvuka kobuKrestu base behamba bangabe besatholakala.
10 | Impucuko yaseMoche, ePeru
Ngokuqoqwa kwabantu abaningi ababelana ngesiko elifanayo kunombuso, impucuko yaseMoche yathuthukisa umphakathi osuselwe kwezolimo ogcwele izigodlo, amaphiramidi kanye nemisele eyinkimbinkimbi yokunisela ogwini olusenyakatho yePeru phakathi kuka-100 CE no-800 CE. Yize babengenalo ulimi olubhaliwe, basishiyela izinkomba ezimbalwa ngomlando wabo, babengabantu abanobuciko obedlulele nabazwakalayo abashiya ngemuva imininingwane yobumba enobuciko obumangalisayo.
Ngo-2006, kwatholakala ikamelo laseMoche elalisetshenziselwa umhlatshelo wabantu, liqukethe izinsalela zeminikelo yabantu. Kunemibono eminingi yokuthi kungani iMoche yanyamalala, kepha incazelo esabalele kakhulu ngumphumela we-El Nino, iphethini yesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu esichazwa ngezikhathi ezishintshanayo zesomiso nesomiso esibi kakhulu. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuchaza imizamo yegazi kaMoche yokujabulisa onkulunkulu.
11 | Amaru Muru - Isango Labonkulunkulu
Indaba ka-Amaru Muru iyinganekwane enkulu njengoba kunjalo ngomlando namuhla, ngoba ayikho iminonjana yanoma yiluphi uhlobo lomuzi oshiyiwe noma indawo yokuhlala egcina umnyango omkhulu, ongaqondakali. Ngokwenkolelo evamile yemivubukulo, umnyango ongamamitha-skwele angama-23 onendawo engamamitha ayi-6 efakwe eceleni kwedwala elikhulu eliyisicaba emngceleni wePeru neBolivia mhlawumbe kwakuyiprojekthi yokwakhiwa kwe-Incan eshiywe. Kodwa-ke, abukho ubufakazi bangempela bokuthi ngubani owakhe noma owaqala ukwakha iphrojekthi nokuthi kungani ishiywe.
Eminye imibono iphakamisa ezinye izimfihlo ezimnyama zomnyango we-Amaru Muru. Izakhamizi zakule ndawo zilibiza ngokuthi iSango Lonkulunkulu, futhi abaningi bayenqaba ukusondela kulo. Kunezindaba zamalambu angaqondakali avela emnyango, nangabantu abasondele kakhulu kuwo banyamalala. Noma yini engaphesheya komnyango kuthiwa inesifiso esithile sezingane.
Izinganekwane ezindala zithi ngumnyango ovulela kuphela amaqhawe amakhulu, lapho sekuyisikhathi sokuba badlule ezweni labaphilayo baye ezweni labonkulunkulu babo, nezinye izinganekwane zithi kuvulela noma ngubani onobuhlakani wazi ukuthi ungayifinyelela kanjani. Igama u-Amaru Muru kuthiwa ngelompristi wase-Incan owayephethe ingcwele ye-Incan - idiski yegolide eyawa ivela esibhakabhakeni - futhi ebalekela ababebasukela eSpain. Kuqhamuke isango lavulelwa yena, kugcina insalela iphephile.
12 | Ikholoni Elilahlekile LaseRoanoke
Ngo-1587, iqembu labahlali baseNgilandi abangu-115 lafika eRoanoke Island, ngasogwini lweNorth Carolina yanamuhla, e-United States. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, kwavunyelwana ngokuthi umbusi omusha waleli koloni, uJohn White, uzobuyela eNgilandi ngomkhumbi ukuze athole izimpahla ezengeziwe nabantu. UWhite wafika eNgilandi ngesikhathi kuqala impi enkulu yempi yasolwandle futhi iNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth I yathatha yonke imikhumbi eyayikhona ukuze isize ekulweni ne-Armada yaseSpain.
Lapho uWhite ebuyela eRoanoke Island eminyakeni emithathu kamuva ngo-1590, wathola ikoloni lilahlwe ngokuphelele. Kwakungekho phawu lwabahlali ngaphandle kwesihlahla esibhalwe igama elithi "Croatoan" kuso.
ICroatoan kwakuyigama lesiqhingi kanye nesizwe samaMelika aseMelika esasihlala kuso, okwenza ukuthi abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwe ukuthi bathunjwa futhi babulawa. Kodwa-ke, leyo mbono isazoqinisekiswa. Abanye bacabanga ukuthi bazama ukubuyela eNgilandi ngomkhumbi futhi bashona kwenye indawo, noma babulawa ngabahlali baseSpain ababehambela enyakatho bevela eFlorida.
13 | Isiqhingi sase-Easter
I-Easter Island idume ngezifanekiso zayo ezinkulu zasekhanda, ezibizwa ngeMoai. Zenziwe ngabantu baseRapa Nui, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi baya esiqhingini maphakathi neSouth Pacific besebenzisa izikebhe ezenziwe ngokhuni cishe ngo-800 CE. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi inani lesiqhingi lalizungeze i-12,000 esicongweni salo.
Abahloli bamazwe bokuqala baseYurophu abafika kulesi siqhingi kwaba ngeSonto lePhasika ngo-1722, lapho abasebenzi baseDashi balinganisela ukuthi kwakukhona abantu abayizi-2,000 3,000 kuya ku-100 XNUMX kulesi siqhingi. Ngokusobala, abahloli bamazwe babika izakhamizi ezimbalwa nezimbalwa njengoba iminyaka yayiqhubeka, kuze kube sekugcineni, inani labantu lancipha laba ngaphansi kuka-XNUMX.
Akekho ongavuma ngesizathu esizwakalayo sokuthi yini edale ukwehla kwezakhamizi zakulesi siqhingi noma umphakathi waso. Kungenzeka ukuthi lesi siqhingi asikwazanga ukondla imithombo eyanele yabantu abaningi kangako, okwaholela empini yezizwe. Izakhamizi nazo zazingabulawa yindlala, njengoba kufakazelwa izinsalela zamathambo amagundane aphekiwe atholakala kulesi siqhingi.
14 | Impucuko ka-Olmec
Ama-Olmec athuthukisa impucuko yawo eGulf of Mexico cishe ngo-1100 BCE. Yize ubufakazi obuningi bezakhiwo zabo bunyamalele, amaningi ala makhanda aqoshiwe asele ukukhumbula ukuba khona kwawo. Bonke ubufakazi bemivubukulo bomphakathi banyamalala ngemuva kuka-300 BCE. Amathuna abo asenyamalele, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuthola ukuthi kungani babulawa yisifo noma ngamandla. Impi yombango, indlala, kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo yimibono ehamba phambili, yize ingenawo amathambo, kuncane kakhulu okunganqunywa ngokuqinisekile.
15 | UNabta Playa
Yize kuncane okwaziwayo ngabantu abake bahlala kuleli bheshi elikhulu cishe ngamakhilomitha angama-500 eningizimu yeCairo yanamuhla, sithole ezindaweni zokuvubukula ezisendaweni lapho abantu balapha balima khona, bafuya izilwane, futhi bakha imikhumbi ye-ceramic eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-9,000 edlule , cishe ngama-7,000 BCE. Phakathi kwamanxiwa asesitayeleni asele eNabta Playa yimibuthano yamatshe efana neStonehenge. Le mibuthano iphakamisa ukuthi abantu abake bahlala lapha nabo benza inkanyezi.
16 | I-Anasazi - Foothills Mountain Complex
Impucuko esiyibiza ngokuthi “i-Anasazi” ishiye ngemuva amadolobha amahle e-pueblo asika emadolobheni amawa kuyo yonke iNingizimu-ntshonalanga Melika, manje esaziwa ngeFoothills Mountain Complex. Abangakushiyanga ngemuva kwakuyisizathu sokwehla kwabo, noma negama labo uqobo. Igama "Anasazi" livela eNavajo futhi lisho izitha zasendulo. Inzalo eminingi yangaleso sikhathi yale mpucuko yasendulo incamela igama elithi Ancestral Puebloans.
Noma ngabe babizwa kanjani, ama-Ancestral Puebloans ake akha amadolobha amakhulu ezindaweni zase-Utah, e-Arizona, eNew Mexico. Ezinye zalezi zindawo zokuhlala ezinomoya zakhiwa cishe ngonyaka we-1500 BCE, kwakuyisikhathi lapho impucuko yabo yaqala khona. Inzalo yabo ngamaNdiya asePueblo anamuhla, njengamaHopi namaZuni, ahlala emiphakathini engu-20 egudle iRio Grande, eNew Mexico nasenyakatho ye-Arizona.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-13, umcimbi othile oyinhlekelele waphoqa ama-Anasazi ukuba abaleke kulezo zindlu ezingamawa nezwe lawo futhi athuthele eningizimu nasempumalanga alibangise iRio Grande noMfula iLittle Colorado. Lokho okwenzekile kube yindida enkulu kunazo zonke ezibhekene nabavubukuli abafunda ngesiko lasendulo. AmaNdiya asePueblo anamuhla anemilando yomlomo ngokufuduka kwabantu bakubo, kepha imininingwane yalezi zindaba ihlala iyimfihlo egcinwe kakhulu.
Ibhonasi:
Babengobani Abantu Basolwandle?
IGibhithe lasendulo lahlaselwa kaningi yibutho eliyimfihlakalo lemikhumbi yempi emikhulu. Abahlaseli ngokuzumayo bavela cishe ngo-1250 BCE futhi baqhubeka nokuhlasela baze bahlulwa nguRamesses III, owalwa nochungechunge lwezimpi eziyinhlekelele ngokumelene nebutho cishe ngonyaka we-1170 BCE. Awekho amarekhodi azo akhona edlule ngo-1178 BCE, futhi izazi ziyaqhubeka nokuphikisana nemibono yokuthi zahamba zayaphi, zavelaphi, zavela ngani, nokuthi zazingobani - ngakho-ke wonke umuntu uzibiza nje ngokuthi ngabantu baseLwandle.
Ngubani Owenzile I-Bada Valley Megaliths?
Kufihlwe kude esigodini saseBada, eningizimu yeLore Lindu National Park eCentral Sulawesi, e-Indonesia, kunamakhulu ama-megaliths asendulo nezithombe zangaphambi komlando okucatshangwa ukuthi okungenani zineminyaka engama-5000 ubudala. Lokhu akwaziwa ukuthi la ma-megaliths enziwa nini empeleni, nokuthi ngubani owenzile. Inhloso yama-megaliths nayo ayaziwa. Zatholwa abavubukuli basentshonalanga ngo-1908.
Ngokumangazayo, ama-megaliths eBada Valley awafani nje kuphela neMoai yase-Easter Island, kodwa futhi ahlukaniswe ngokuphelele nomhlaba wonke. Ngisho, abantu base-Indonesia abavela ngaphandle kwale ndawo abalazi kangako ngalezi zithombe. Kungaba izazi zemivubukulo noma ezendawo, akekho okwamanje umuntu okwazile ukuthola lezi zithombe. Abantu bendawo abadlulisa ukuhlakanipha komdabu nomlando ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane bathi lezi zithombe bezihlale zikhona. Lokhu kungavumela inguqulo yabavubukuli ethola isayithi cishe ngonyaka we-1300 AD.
