IGene iyunithi elilodwa elisebenzayo le-DNA. Isibonelo, kungahle kube nohlobo noma ezimbili zombala wezinwele, umbala wamehlo, noma ngabe siyazonda upelepele oluhlaza, njll. Kumane nje ukulandelana kwama-molecule axhunyiwe abizwa ngokuthi "izisekelo" ezibhekele isici esinikeziwe noma amaprotheni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-genome iqoqo lazo zonke izakhi zofuzo zomuntu. Uma sibonisa izakhi zofuzo njengemisho, khona-ke singakwazi ukufanekisa i-genome njengencwadi ephelele. Uma sibheka izakhi zofuzo, sikhathazeka kakhulu ngokuthi ngabe zenzani ngqo. Uma sibheka ama-genomes, kufanele sikhathazeke ngokuthi amaqembu ezakhi zofuzo aqala kanjani ukusebenzisana futhi asebenze omunye nomunye.
Lapha kule ndatshana, sihlele amanye amaqiniso amahle kakhulu futhi amangalisa kakhulu nge-DNA ne-genome ezoshaya ingqondo yakho:
1 | Usayizi Wegenome:
I-genome yomuntu ingu-3.3Gb (b kusho izisekelo) ngosayizi. Igciwane lesandulela ngculaza liyi-9.7kb kuphela. I-genome yegciwane elikhulu kunawo wonke eyaziwa nge-2.47Mb (pandoravirus salinus). I-vertebrate genome enkulu kunazo zonke eyaziwayo yi-130Gb (i-lungfish yamabhele). Uhlobo lwesitshalo olukhulu kunawo wonke lwaziwa ngo-150Gb (EParis japonica). I-genome enkulu kunazo zonke eyaziwayo ingeyakhe i-Amoeboid osayizi wayo ongu-670Gb, kepha lesi simangalo siyaphikiswa.
2 | Kude Ngempela Ngaphandle Kokucabanga Kwethu:
Uma ingaxhunywanga futhi ixhunywe ndawonye, imicu ye-DNA kumaseli akho ngamunye ingaba ngamamitha ayisithupha ubude. Ngamaseli ayizigidigidi eziyi-6 emzimbeni wakho, lokho kusho ukuthi uma yonke iDNA yakho ingafakwa ekugcineni, ibizolula ngaphezu kwamamayela ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100. Lokho kungamakhulu ohambo lokuya nokubuya elangeni!
3 | IMethylation Yenza Umehluko:
Ukwengezwa kweqembu le-methyl ezifundeni ezicebile ze-G no-C ze-DNA kwenza i-DNA ingasebenzi noma ingasebenzi. Isifunda esingakhodi amakhodi se-genome sine-methylated enkulu. Ngokwenza, isakhi sofuzo silawulwa nge-epigenetically. Wonke umuntu unokwehlukile i-methylation iphethini ehlukile kwezinye. Ikhophi eyodwa ye-genome izuzwe njengefa kubaba ngenkathi enye ivela kunina. Ngakho-ke iphethini emibili ehlukile ye-methylation ikhona enganeni.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwesigaba sekwephuzile, yonke i-methylated DNA iba yidemethriyali kanye okwesikhashana iphinde ilungiswe ngokwehlukile kune-mather kanye ne-DNA kamama. Njalo lapho i-methylation ihlelwa kabusha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.
4 | Izakhi zofuzo Zakha Amaphesenti Angu-3 Kuphela E-DNA Yakho:
Izakhi zofuzo ziyizingxenye ezimfushane ze-DNA, kepha hhayi yonke i-DNA izakhi zofuzo njengoba besishilo ngaphambili. Sekukonke, izakhi zofuzo zimayelana no-1-3% we-DNA yakho. Yonke enye i-DNA yakho ilawula ukusebenza kwezakhi zakho zofuzo.
5 | U-Adamu Waphila Iminyaka Engu-208,304 XNUMX Edlule!
Izakhi zofuzo zomuntu zibonisa ukuthi sonke sihlanganyela ukhokho wesilisa ovamile obizwa ngo-Y-Chromosomal Adam. Waphila cishe eminyakeni engama-208,304 edlule.
6 | Ungubani 4?
I-genome yabantu banamuhla iqukethe i-DNA evela kokhokho abane abahlukene: homo sapiens, Neanderthals, IDenisovans, kanye nohlobo lwesine olungakatholakali.
7 | Zafika Kanjani Lezi Zakhi zofuzo?
Kunezakhi zofuzo ezingama-45 okungenzeka ukuthi izinhlobo zabantu 'zebile' kwezinye izinhlobo, njengezikelemu, izimpukane zezithelo kanye nama-bacteria. Akudluliswanga nje kusuka kokhokho bethu bakudala. Esikhundleni salokho, bagxumele ngqo kuzakhi zofuzo zomuntu eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule.
8 | Sonke Singamaphesenti angama-99.9 ngokufanayo:
Kumabhangqa ayisisekelo ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu ku-genome yomuntu, ama-3% ayafana nomuntu oseduze kwethu. Ngenkathi lokho kuphumula okungu-99.9% kusasenza sihluke, kusho ukuthi sonke sifana kakhulu kunalokho sihlukile.
9 | Abantu Bacishe Bafane Nezimfene:
I-97% yofuzo lomuntu ifana nemfene ngenkathi i-50% yohlobo lomuntu ifana nebhanana.
10 | Ngesinye isikhathi, Kwahlala Umuntu Onamehlo Aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka:
Ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kwe-HERC2 okutholakala kubantu abanamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kucatshangwa ukuthi kwenzeke kanye kuphela, okusho ukuthi bonke abantu abanamehlo aluhlaza babelana ngokhokho oyedwa ovamile lapho kuvela khona ukuguquka.
11 | AmaKorea Awavezi Iphunga Lomzimba:
Iningi lamaKorea alakhi iphunga lomzimba ngenxa yokubusa okukhulu kofuzo i-ABCC11. Ngenxa yalokho, i-deodorant yinto engavamile eKorea.
12 | Ukususwa kwe-Chromosome 6p:
Okuwukuphela kwecala elaziwayo le- "Chromosome 6p Deletion" lapho umuntu engabuzwa ubuhlungu, indlala, noma isidingo sokulala (futhi ngemuva kwalokho angabi nokwesaba) yintombazane yase-UK egama layo U-Olivia Farnsworth. Ngo-2016, washayiswa yimoto wahudulwa amamitha angama-30, nokho akezwanga lutho futhi wavela ngokulimala okuncane.
13 | I-Phantom Ye-Heilbronn:
Ukusuka ngo-1993 kuya ku-2008, kwavulwa i-DNA efanayo ezindaweni ezingama-40 ezehlukene zobugebengu eYurophu, okwaholela ekuphenyweni kwencwadi “Phantom kaHeilbronn“, Okuvele ukuthi bekungowesifazane osebenza efemini ye-cotton swab owangcolise ama-swabs nge-DNA yakhe engahlosile.
14 | Ama-DNA wamawele afanayo:
Yize benobufakazi be-DNA kamsolwa, amaphoyisa aseGerman awakwazanga ukushushisa i-jewel heist engu- $ 6.8 million ngoba i-DNA ngeyamawele afanayo UHassan no-Abbas O., futhi babungekho ubufakazi bokufakazela ukuthi ubani kubo owayeyicala. Amawele afanayo ane-DNA efanayo. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kocwaningo olusha, yize amawele afanayo abelana ngezakhi zofuzo ezifanayo, awafani ncamashi.
15 | UGene Onciphisa Isidingo Sokulala:
Abantu abangu-1-3% bahlome ngofuzo olushintshiwe olubizwa nge-hDEC2 oluvumela imizimba yabo ukuthi ithole ukuphumula ekudingayo kusuka emahoreni ama-3 kuya kwayi-4 kuphela okulala.
16 | Ifa Lofuzo:
Ucwaningo lwango-2003 lwathola ubufakazi bokuthi i-DNA kaGenghis Khan ikhona emadodeni abalelwa ezigidini eziyi-16 asaphila namuhla. Kodwa-ke, i-athikili yango-2015 ithi amanye amadoda ayishumi ashiye amafa ezakhi zofuzo ayizimbangi ezinkulu kangangoba ayimbangi kaGenghis Khan.
17 | Abantu Abaluhlaza BaseKentucky:
Umndeni wabantu abanesikhumba esiluhlaza wawuhlala eKentucky izizukulwane eziningi. Ababaleki Bomfula Onenkathazo kucatshangwa ukuthi bathole isikhumba sabo esiluhlaza ngokuhlangana kwe-inbreeding kanye nesimo esingavamile sezakhi zofuzo esaziwa njenge-methemoglobinemia.
18 | Abantu Abanezinwele Ezimhlophe Baphila ESolomon Island:
Abantu baseSolomon Islands bane-gene ebizwa nge-TYRP1 edala izinwele ezimhloshana, naphezu kwesikhumba sabo esimnyama. Lesi sakhi asihlobene naleso esibangela ukuba mhlophe kubantu baseYurophu futhi savela ngokuzimela.
19 | I-Gene Esiza Ukuthwala Oxygen Eningi Emzimbeni Wethu:
Umsubathi odumile kanye nendondo yama-Olimpiki yezikhathi eziyi-7 U-Eero Mäntyranta waba nokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo okwamvumela ukuba athwale oksijini ngaphezulu ngo-50% emzimbeni wakhe kunomuntu ojwayelekile.
20 | Umzana Wezithulu:
Kunomzana obizwa ngeBengkala enyakatho yeBali, e-Indonesia, lapho ngenxa yesakhi sofuzo esibizwa ngokuthi yi-DFNB3, abantu abaningi bazalwa beyizithulu ukuthi abantu abezwayo basebenzise ulimi lwezandla olubizwa ngokuthi yiKata Kolok, futhi bakhulume ulimi ngokulinganayo.
21 | Isifo Sofuzo Esimelana Ne-HIV:
Kukhona ukuguqulwa kofuzo i-CCR5, olubizwa nge-Delta 32, eletha i-codon yokumisa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kuhlobo. Lokhu kufaka amakhodi kungakabi isikhathi kusho ukuthi amaseli analokhu kuguqulwa akakwazi ukutheleleka ngegciwane le-HIV. Abantu abane-homozygous CCR5-Delta 32 mutation bamelana ngokuphelele negciwane le-HIV
22 | Ama-Eyelashes amahle ka-Elizabeth Taylor:
Elizabeth Taylor waba nokuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo zofuzo lwe-FOXC2, okwamnika umugqa owengeziwe wezinkophe.
23 | Amathuluzi Wokuhlela we-Genome:
Njengoba nje sihlela izithombe namavidiyo wethu, ufuzo lomuntu lungabuye luhlelwe ukuze kususwe izakhi zofuzo ezinamaphutha noma izakhi zofuzo ezingasebenzi. Amathuluzi wokuhlela we-Genome afana ne-CRISPR-Cas9, i-Sleeping beauty transposon system kanye nama-vectors wegciwane asetshenziselwa ukufaka noma ukususa ukulandelana kwe-DNA. Okwamanje, inkinga kuphela ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlelwa kofuzo ayinakulindeleka.
Kodwa-ke, ngo-2015, inqubo yokuhlela i-genome ebizwa ngokuthi yi-TALEN yasetshenziswa emzamweni wokugcina ukwelapha usana okuthiwa uLayla, owatholakala enohlobo lwe-leukemia olunolaka. Le ndlela yamelapha ngempumelelo futhi kuyacwaningwa ukwelapha izifo ezahlukahlukene. -
24 | Ukwahlukahluka kweSupertaster Gene:
Cishe ingxenye yesine yabantu ikunambitha ukudla kakhulu kunathi sonke. Lezi 'supertasters' zinamathuba amaningi okuthi zifake ubisi noshukela ekhofi elibabayo noma zigweme ukudla okunamafutha. Isizathu sokusabela kwabo, ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi, sifakwe ezinhlwini zofuzo zabo, ikakhulukazi leyo ebizwa ngokuthi i-TAS2R38, isakhi sofuzo esibuhlungu. Ukuhluka okubhekele ukunambitha okuhle kwaziwa njenge-PAV, ngenkathi okuhlukile okubhekele amakhono wokunambitha angaphansi kwesilinganiso kwaziwa njenge-AVI.
25 | Ukwahlukahluka Kokuvikela Umalaleveva:
Abantu abathwala isifo se-sickle-cell - okusho ukuthi banegciwane elilodwa lesikela kanye nohlobo olulodwa lwe-hemoglobin ejwayelekile - bavikeleke kakhulu kumalaleveva kunalabo abangenayo.
26 | Ama-octopus angakwazi ukuhlela ama-genes awo
Ama-cephalopods afana nama-squid, i-cuttlefish nama-octopus izidalwa ezihlakaniphe ngendlela emangalisayo futhi ezinobuqili - kangangoba zingabhala kabusha imininingwane yezofuzo kuma-neurons azo. Esikhundleni sokufakwa kwekhodi eyodwa kohlobo olulodwa lwamaprotheni, okuvame ukwenzeka, inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-recoding ivumela uhlobo olulodwa lwe-octopus lukhiqize amaprotheni amaningi. Ososayensi bathola ukuthi le nqubo isiza ezinye izinhlobo zase-Antarctic “ukugcina izinzwa zazo zishaya emanzini abandayo.”
