Kukhona izinto ezisunguliwe ezibonakala zakhiwe ezinsukwini zanamuhla kepha empeleni zadalwa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka noma eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziningi edlule.
Nalu uhlu lwezinto zobuchwepheshe zasendulo eziyi-12 ezisungulwe kakhulu ezazisungulwe ngezikhathi zazo:
1 | Ukuhlinzwa kwezimonyo kanye nokufakelwa kokufakelwa - 3,000 BC
Ukufakwa kokuqala okuqoshiwe emlandweni ukulungisa iphutha lokubukeka kwenzeka eGibhithe lasendulo, eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule. Kwakuyinzwane yesikhumba eyenziwe ngokhuni, etholakala kumama. Yize kuzwane lokufakelwa, lwakhiwe ngobunono futhi lubonakala lusiza umuntu oluthwele kalula.
Ukwelashwa kokulungiswa kwepulasitiki kwekhala eliphukile kukhulunywa okokuqala ku U-Edwin Smith Papyrus, umbhalo oqoshiwe wombhalo wezokwelapha wasendulo waseGibhithe. Ngenye yezindlela zokuhlinza ezindala kakhulu ezaziwayo, ezabhalwa e-Old Kingdom kusuka ku-3000 kuya ku-2500 BC.
Esinye isibonelo sokuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki yasendulo senziwa eNdiya ngonyaka ka-800 BC lapho owesilisa akha kabusha ibhuloho lamakhala esebenzisa isikhumba esiphongweni nasezihlathini.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ISushruta, udokotela waseNdiya phakathi nekhulu le-6 BC, wenza iminikelo ebalulekile emkhakheni wokuhlinzwa kwepulasitiki nekati esisawalandelayo.
2 | Uhlelo lwamanzi - cishe ngo-2,600 XNUMX BC
Izinhlelo zokuqala eziyinkimbinkimbi zamanzi emlandweni wesintu zitholakale ku- UMohenjo-Daro futhi Harappa, izindawo ezimbili zokuhlala ezinkulu kakhulu zempucuko yase-Indus River Valley, manje esePakistan. Bekugcwele izindlu zangasese zomphakathi, amachibi kanye nohlelo lokuthuthwa kwendle kulo lonke idolobha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlelo zasendulo zamanzi zazitholakala emadolobheni asendulo aseBhabhiloni, eChina naseRoma, futhi zisekhona nanamuhla.
3 | Izikhali zomlilo - cishe ngo-420 BC
Lesi sikhali esibulalayo, esibizwa ngeGreek Fire, sasetshenziswa ngumbusi waseMpumalanga waseRoma njengesikhali sokubhubhisa kakhulu imikhumbi yezitha. Kwakuyipayipi lethusi, likhipha ikhemikhali elivutha kakhulu ngaphakathi. Kuqala, bekuzosetshenziswa ipompo lesikhumba nokhuni ukufaka le khemikhali epayipini. Phezulu kwepayipi, kwakukhona umuntu owayemi ngomlilo lapho kuqubuka umsele wamakhemikhali, futhi wawuzokheleka ngaphambi kokudutshulwa emikhunjini yezitha. Ingasha ngisho ngamandla emanzini.
Yize umlilo waseGrisi waqale wasetshenziswa amaRoma avimbezela eConstantinople phakathi kuka-673 AD no-678 AD, isazi-mlando sase-Athene uThucydides sikusho lokho ukuvinjezelwa kweDelium ngo-424 BC kwasetshenziswa ithubhu ende enamasondo eyaqhumisa amalangabi phambili isebenzisa izifutho ezinkulu.
4 | Iwashi le-alamu - cishe ngo-400 BC
Ezikhathini zasendulo, isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki Plato usebenzise imitha yamanzi ekwazi ukukhipha isignali yokuthi sekuyisikhathi sezinkulumo zakhe entathakusa. Amawashi wesikhathi afanayo asuselwa emanzini adalwa kamuva eRoma lasendulo naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.
5 | Irobhothi - 323 BC
Izinhlobo zokuqala zamarobhothi amise okwabesifazane abekwe ngaphezulu kwe- indlu yokukhanya esiqhingini sasePharos e-Alexandria, eGibhithe lasendulo. Ngesikhathi sasemini, babekwazi ukuvula bese bethepha insimbi. Ebusuku, babenza imisindo emikhulu njengamacilongo, betshengisa amatilosi ngebanga lolwandle.
6 | Idivayisi yokulinganisa ibanga - ikhulu lesi-3 BC
Isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki u-Archimedes waba ngowokuqala ukusungula into ethile (I-Odometerukukala ibanga elihanjiwe yimoto. Kubukeka njengoluhlu lwamasondo amancane aqoshwe izinombolo, amele ubude bokuhamba kwemoto. Yize le divayisi ichazwe okokuqala ngu- IVitruvius cishe eminyakeni engama-27 nengama-23 ngaphambi kukaKristu, umsunguli wangempela kukholakala ukuthi nguye I-Archimedes yaseSirakuse (c. 287 BC - c. 212 BC) ngesikhathi sempi yokuqala yePunic.
Kwatholakala umshini ofanayo eChina yasendulo, owasungulwa ngu- UZhang Heng, usosayensi eMbusweni WaseMpumalanga Han.
7 | Amabhethri - cishe ngekhulu lesithathu BC
Le vase yobumba, ebizwa I-Baghdad Battery, ifakwe ipayipi lethusi nenduku yensimbi ngaphakathi. Kucatshangwa ukuthi kungakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi ngokuphendula kwe-oxidation ngaphakathi komkhumbi. Iqiniso wukuthi, abantu namanje abazi ukuthi la mandla enzelwe ini ngaleso sikhathi ngoba ngaleso sikhathi zazingekho izinto ezakha ugesi. Kunombono wokuthi isetshenziselwa ukwelapha ukugula, kanti omunye umbono uthi leli bhethri lisetshenziselwa ukugcina imibhalo ebalulekile. Akekho owazi kahle kahle ukuthi kwakwenzekani lapho nalezi zingcezu ezingajwayelekile.
8 | Iminyango ezenzakalelayo - ngekhulu lokuqala AD
EGrisi lasendulo, abantu babekwazi ukwenza iminyango ezenzakalelayo ethempelini, enikwa amandla yizinjini zomoya. Abantu babebasa umlilo ngaphansi kwe-altare, ngenhla okwakukhona amapayipi aqukethe amanzi. Umusi okhishiwe ubuzophendulela i-turbine futhi usize umnyango wethempeli uvuleke ngokuzenzekelayo. Leli qhinga liphinde lenze into engaqondakali engaqondakali ngaphakathi kwethempeli.
9 | Umshini wokuthengisa - ngekhulu lokuqala AD
Namuhla, imishini yokuthengisa ingathengisa cishe yonke into, kusukela kumathoyizi kuya kuziphuzo ezishisayo nezibandayo nokudla. Kepha ezinsukwini zakudala, ngalo mshini, abantu babekwazi ukuthenga kuphela amanzi angcwele okugeza izandla zabo emathempelini. Lapho imali ifakwa emshinini, uhlelo lwayo luhambisa ngokuzenzakalela inani elithile lamanzi ezandleni zekhasimende (lezivakashi).
10 | I-seismograph - 132 AD
Enye into emangalisayo eyenziwe nguZhang Heng, ithuluzi lokuxwayisa ukuzamazama komhlaba. Ulandelele futhi waqopha zonke izinto ekuzamazameni komhlaba wabe esechitha isikhathi esiningi ecwaninga futhi esungula umshini wokulinganisa nowokubikezela ukuzamazama komhlaba obizwa nge- “earthquake weathervane.” Yize kubukeka kukuxakile, kunemba ngokweqile. Lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba sekuzokwenzeka, kuzokwethulwa ibhola elincane lethusi kusuka komunye wemilomo yedrako eyisishiyagalombili bese likhishelwa emlonyeni weqhude elingezansi, okukhomba ukuthi ukuzamazama komhlaba kubheke ngakuphi.
11 | Izibuko zelanga - ngekhulu le-10 AD
Izibuko zelanga zokuqala zasungulwa yi Ama-Eskimo ukuvikela amehlo abo ekukhanyeni elangeni eqhweni. Kodwa-ke, abanazo izingilazi ezinamathiselwe kubo, kepha kunalokho yithuluzi lokuvikela iso eliqoshwe endlovu ye-trailer, enezikhala ezimbili noma izimbobo ezimbili ezincane zokubona umgwaqo.
Izibuko zokuqala zadalwa kamuva eChina, ngekhulu le-12, futhi zazingenziwa ngengilazi, kodwa zenziwe ngegugu elibizwa ngokuthi yi-quartz ebhemayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo ukufihla ubuso bomuntu ogqokile kunokuvikela amehlo elangeni.
12 | Amakhompyutha - ngo-100 BC
Lo mshini, obizwa nge-Antikythera, uthathwa njengekhompyutha yasendulo yamaGrikhi ngoba ungarekhoda ukuhamba kwezinto endaweni yonke, futhi ubikezele ngokunembile isikhathi sokufiphala kwelanga nokusitheka kwenyanga. Hhayi lokho kuphela, kepha futhi kungabala umjikelezo weminyaka emine we Imidlalo Yama-Olympic yasendulo, efana ne- Olympic.
