Uninzi lwenkqubela phambili enkulu kwicandelo lezempilo, amayeza kunye nebhayoloji yomhla wethu, ngandlela thile, zinemfuzo yazo enxulumene nolingo oluthile olwalubandakanya inqanaba lokukhohlakala. Ngelixa bekukho izazinzulu ezisebenza umgama obonakalayo ukusuka kwindlela yokuziphatha, namhlanje ezo nkqubela phambili zisindisa izigidi zobomi minyaka le.
Ewe kunjalo, kukwakho nabanye, olo vavanyo lungakhange lusebenze ngaphezulu kokondla ukuphalaza kwegazi okukhoyo kweyona ngqondo ikhohlakeleyo kwaye igulayo, egameni lesayensi. Siyakumema ukuba wazi ezimbini zazo amalinge okhohlakeleyo abantu embalini: Uvavanyo lweTuskegee kunye novavanyo lwegcushuwa eGuatemala.
"Uvavanyo lweTuskegee"
Ithathwa njengenye yezona zilingo zikhohlakeleyo kwimbali, ngakumbi ngenxa yobude bayo, ityala laseTuskegee Study lesyphilis enganyangekiyo kumadoda amnyama - eyaziwa ngcono nje ngokuba yi "Tuskegee Experiment" - yinto ethandwayo kuzo zonke izifundo kwizifundo zonyango zaseMelika.
Olu luphononongo olwenziwe ngo-1932 eTuskegee, eAlabama, neyayiqhutywa liqela leenzululwazi ezivela kwiNkonzo kaRhulumente yezeMpilo, nalapho baphanda ngeziphumo zegcushuwa ebantwini ukuba abanyangwa. Phantse amadoda angama-400 anebala elimnyama, abahluleli abangafundanga abavela kwimvelaphi ye-Afro kunye ne-syphilis, bathathe inxaxheba kulolu vavanyo olukhohlakeleyo noluphikisanayo ngaphandle kokuvuma.
Oogqirha bafumanisa ukuba banesifo esingeyonyani abasibiza ngokuba "ligazi elibi" kwaye zange baphathwe, kodwa baqwalaselwa nje ukuze baqonde indlela esi sifo esivele ngayo xa singanyangwa kwaye sisongela ubomi.
Xa kwathi kwaziwa ngo-1947 ukuba i-penicillin ingasiphelisa esi sifo, khange iphinde isetyenziswe kwaye bekungekho ngo-1972 (kanye emva kweminyaka engama-40), xa iphephandaba lenza uphando esidlangalaleni, abasemagunyeni bathatha isigqibo sokuphelisa uvavanyo.
Le meko iphela inecala layo elihle kwiminyaka emva kwencopho yayo, njengoko ikhokelele kutshintsho olukhulu kukhuseleko lwezomthetho lwezigulana kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba kwizifundo zeklinikhi. Abasindileyo abambalwa kwezi zilingo zinobuntu bafumana uxolo kulowo wayesakuba nguMongameli uBill Clinton.
Uvavanyo lwegcushuwa eGuatemala
Ukongeza kwizilingo zikaTuskegee, izazinzulu zaseMelika ezingonelisekanga, zikhokelwa yingqondo efanayo yokugula: uJohn Charles Cutler, wenza uvavanyo lwegcushuwa eGuatemala phakathi kowe-1946 nowe-1948, olwalunothotho lwezifundo nongenelelo ngurhulumente wase-United States, kumazwe aseGuatemala . Kule meko, oogqirha basulele ngabom inani elikhulu labemi baseGuatemala, ukusuka kwizigulana zengqondo ukuya kumabanjwa, oonongogo, amajoni, abantu abadala kunye nabantwana abavela kumakhaya eenkedama.
Ngokucacileyo, amaxhoba angaphezu kwe-1,500 ayengazi ukuba yintoni oogqirha ababeyibeke kuyo ngokufaka isitofu ngokuthe ngqo, ukusulelwa yi-syphilis, enye ye-STD ezimbi kakhulu. Nje ukuba bosulelwe, banikwa uthotho lweziyobisi kunye neekhemikhali ukubona ukuba kunokwenzeka na ukuthintela ukusasazeka kwesi sifo.
Kukho ubungqina bokuba, phakathi kwezinye iindlela ebezisetyenziselwa ukosulela, oogqirha bahlawula amaxhoba ukuba abelane ngesondo noonongogo abosulelekileyo, ngelixa kwezinye iimeko, inxeba labangelwa kwilungu lobudoda lexhoba emva koko lafafazwa ngenkcubeko enzulu yeentsholongwane zentsholongwane (iTreponema pallidum).
Inkohlakalo enkulu yolu vavanyo, efana nekaTuskegee, ngokungathandabuzekiyo inoluvo olunzulu ngobuhlanga kwimvelaphi yayo - yabangela umonakalo omkhulu kuluntu lwaseGuatemala kangangokuba ngo-2010, i-United States yacela uxolo esidlangalaleni, iphinde yawuhlalutya lo mbandela.
Oku kwenzeke nge-1 ka-Okthobha, xa uNobhala welizwe laseMelika, uHillary Clinton, kunye noNobhala wezeMpilo kunye neNkonzo yaBantu, uKathleen Sebelius, bakhuphe ingxelo edibeneyo yokuxolisa kubantu baseGuatemala nakwilizwe liphela ngokwenza amalinge. . Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, yeyona ndawo imnyama kwimbali yesayensi.
