I-Neanderthals yenye yezona subspecies ezinomdla kakhulu zabantu ezakha zakho. Aba bantu bamandulo babenemilenze emide, benezihlunu, benebrow ezibalaseleyo kunye neempumlo ezingaqhelekanga. Ivakala ingaqhelekanga, akunjalo? Inyaniso kukuba, iiNeanderthals nazo zaziphila ubomi obahluke kakhulu kunobo sibuphilayo thina bantu namhlanje. Ayephila kakuhle kwindawo enzima apho ayezingela izilwanyana ezinkulu ezifana neemammoths ezinoboya kwaye zihlala emiqolombeni ukuze zizigcine zikhuselekile kwimozulu kunye namarhamncwa.
IiNeanderthals ziye zabonwa kwimiqolomba emininzi kulo lonke elaseYurophu, nto leyo ekhokelele ukuba abembi bezinto zakudala bakholelwe ukuba aba bantu bakudala bachitha ixesha elininzi kwiindawo ezinjalo. Uninzi lweengcali ziyavuma ukuba iiNeanderthals azizakhelanga ngokwazo ezi zindlu kodwa kumele ukuba zazisebenzisa kwakude kudala ngaphambi kokuba abantu banamhlanje bazakhele. Nangona kunjalo, le ngqikelelo inokuba bubuxoki, kuba kukho enye ngaphandle - uMqolomba weTheopetra.
Umqolomba weTheopetra
Iqela lemiqolomba yakudala enomdla inokufunyanwa kufutshane neMeteora, ilitye elihle, elingaqhelekanga nelingaqhelekanga kwiGrisi yakudala. Umqolomba weTheopetra ngomnye wabo. Yindawo enye yezinto zakudala, evumela abaphandi ukuba baqonde ngcono ixesha langaphambili eGrisi.
Kukholelwa ukuba iTheopetra Cave, ekwiMeteora limestone rock formations yaseThessaly, kuMbindi weGrisi, yayimiwe kwiminyaka eyi-130,000 eyadlulayo, iyenza indawo yokwakhiwa kwabantu bokuqala emhlabeni.
Abembi bezinto zakudala bathi kukho ubungqina bokuhlala kwabantu ngokuqhubekayo emqolombeni, ukusuka kumbindi womqolomba. Ixesha lePalaeolithic kwaye iqhubeke kude kube sekupheleni Ixesha le-Neolithic.
Indawo yeTheopetra Cave kunye neenkcukacha zesakhiwo
Ibekwe malunga neemitha ezili-100 (iinyawo ezingama-330) ngaphezulu kwentlambo, umqolomba weTheopetra unokufumaneka kwithambeka elikumntla-mpuma wenduli yekalika eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Theopetra Rock". Ukungena emqolombeni kunika iimbono ezimangalisayo zoluntu oluhle lwaseTheopetra, ngelixa uMlambo iLethaios, isebe loMlambo iPineios, uhamba kude kufuphi.
Iingcali ze-Geologists ziqikelela ukuba induli ye-limestone yaqala ukubunjwa kwindawo ethile phakathi kwe-137 kunye ne-65 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, ngexesha le-Upper Cretaceous. Ngokwezinto ezifunyenweyo zokumbiwa kwezinto zakudala, ubungqina bokuqala bokuhlala kwabantu emqolombeni bubuyela kwixesha eliphakathi kwePalaeolithic, eyenzeka malunga ne-13,0000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.
Umqolomba umalunga nama-500 square metres (5380 sq ft) ngobukhulu kwaye ubonakaliswe ngokumalunga nequadrilateral ngokwemilo eneendawo ezincinci kumda wawo. Umnyango weTheopetra Cave mkhulu kakhulu, owenza ukuba ukukhanya kwendalo kungene kakuhle kubunzulu bomqolomba.
Izinto ezifunyenweyo ezimangalisayo zityhila iimfihlo zakudala zeTheopetra Cave
Ukumbiwa komqolomba weTheopetra kwaqala ngo-1987 kwaza kwaqhubeka de kwangowe-2007, kwaye izinto ezininzi eziye zafunyanwa kule ndawo yakudala kule minyaka idlulileyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba xa uphando lwe-archaeological luqalwa ekuqaleni, i-Theopetra Cave yayisetyenziselwa njengendawo yokuhlala yesikhashana yabalusi bendawo yokugcina izilwanyana zabo.
I-archeology ye-Theopetra Cave iye yavelisa iziphumo ezininzi ezinomdla. Enye inxulumene nemozulu yabemi balo mqolomba. Abembi bezinto zakudala bafumanisa ukuba kukho amaxesha ashushu nabandayo ngexesha lokuhlala emqolombeni ngokuhlalutya iisampulu zentlenga ukusuka kwisitrato ngasinye se-archaeological. Abemi balo mqolomba babeguquguquka njengoko imozulu yayitshintsha.
Ngokwezinto ezifunyenweyo zokumba izinto zakudala, umqolomba wawuhlala uhlala ngexesha lePalaeolithic ePhakathi nePhezulu, iMesolithic kunye neNeolithic. Kuye kwasekwa ngokufunyanwa kwezinto ezininzi, ezifana namalahle kunye namathambo abantu, ukuba umqolomba wawumiwe phakathi kweminyaka ye-135,000 kunye ne-4,000 BC, kwaye ukusetyenziswa okwethutyana kwaqhubeka ngexesha leBronze Age kunye namaxesha embali kude kube ngunyaka. 1955.
Ezinye izinto ezifunyenwe ngaphakathi emqolombeni zibandakanya amathambo kunye namaqokobhe, kunye namathambo asusela kwi-15000, 9000, kunye ne-8000 BC, kunye nemikhondo yezityalo kunye nembewu eveza imikhuba yokutya yabahlali bangaphambili bembali yomqolomba.
Olona donga ludala lwehlabathi
Iintsalela zodonga lwamatye olwaluvalile ngaphambili kwinxalenye yokungena kwiCave yaseTheopetra yenye into ephawulekayo efunyenwe apho. Izazinzulu ziye zakwazi ukuza kuthi ga ngoku olu donga lube malunga ne-23,000 yeminyaka ubudala ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuthandana eyaziwa ngokuba yi-optically stimulated luminescence.
Abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ngenxa yobudala bolu donga, olungqamana nexesha lokugqibela lomkhenkce, kusenokwenzeka ukuba abemi balo mqolomba balwakha ukuze lungangeni ingqele. Kuye kwathiwa esi sesona sakhiwo sidala saziwayo esenziwe ngabantu eGrisi, kwaye kunokwenzeka nakwasehlabathini.
Ubuncinci iinyawo ezintathu ze-hominid, ezifakwe kumgangatho wodongwe othambileyo womqolomba, zabhengezwa ukuba nazo zifunyenwe. Kuye kwacingelwa ukuba abantwana abaninzi baseNeanderthal, abaneminyaka emibini ukuya kwemine, ababehlala emqolombeni ngexesha lePalaeolithic ePhakathi bedala iinyawo ngokusekelwe kwimilo kunye nobukhulu babo.
UAvgi - intombazana eneminyaka engama-7,000 ubudala efunyenwe emqolombeni
Iintsalela zomfazi oneminyaka eyi-18 ubudala, owayehlala eGrisi ngexesha leMesolithic malunga neminyaka eyi-7,000 eyadlulayo, yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zafunyanwa ngaphakathi kweTheopetra Cave. Izazinzulu zaphinda zalungisa ubuso bomntwana okwishumi elivisayo emva kweminyaka emininzi esebenza nzima, yaye wanikwa igama elithi “Avgi” (Ekuseni).
UNjingalwazi uPapagrigorakis, i-orthodontist, wasebenzisa amazinyo ka-Avgi njengesiseko sokwakhiwa kwakhona kobuso bakhe. Ngenxa yokunqongophala kobungqina, iimpahla zakhe, ngakumbi iinwele zakhe, kwakunzima kakhulu ukuzilungisa kwakhona.
Amazwi okugqibela
I-Theopetra Cave complex yahlukile kuzo zonke ezinye ezaziwa iindawo zembali eGrisi, nakwihlabathi ngokwemeko yokusingqongileyo kunye nezixhobo zayo zobuchwepheshe, ezazisetyenziswa ngabantu bokuqala ukuhlala kule ndawo.
Umbuzo ngulo: abantu bamandulo babenokwakha njani isakhiwo esintsonkothe ngolo hlobo, nangaphambi kokuba babenayo amandla okwenza izixhobo ezisisiseko? Le phazili iye yabangela umdla izazinzulu kunye nabangezonzululwazi ngokufanayo - kwaye olunye uphando lucebisa ukuba impendulo inokulala kwizinto zobunjineli ezingaqhelekanga zookhokho bethu bangaphambili.
