Ii-encyclopedia ezinezihloko ezinomdla “Iimfihlelo Zamandulo”, “Amaqhina amabali”Iinkqubo ezininzi zikamabonakude zithetha ngezinto ezizodwa ezafunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala - yile ndlela umntu wanamhlanje aqhelene ngayo neemfihlo zabantu ababephila kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo.
Nangona kunjalo, iimfihlo ezininzi zeenkcubeko ezizodwa zinokungena ekulibaleni, kuba akukho nto iseleyo kwiindawo zokuhlala zakudala. Abaphandi abayeki kancinci kancinci ukuqokelela imosaic yobomi bempucuko enyamaleleyo, kodwa ixesha alinanceba, kwaye kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi ukukhangela iimpendulo kwimibuzo enomdla.
IMaya (2000 BC - 900 AD)
Abantu ababekhe banamandla abakha izixeko ezikhulu bafihla uninzi lweemfihlo zabo ngasemva kwekhuselo lexesha. AmaMaya ayaziwa ukuba avelise inkqubo yawo yokubhala, enza ikhalenda entsonkothileyo, kwaye eneendlela zawo zokubala izibalo. Babenazo nezixhobo zabo zobunjineli, ababezimisa ngazo iitempile ezinkulu zepiramidi kwaye benza iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela kwimihlaba yabo yezolimo.
Kude kube ngoku, oososayensi baxakekisa iingqondo zabo malunga nento enokubangela ukuphela kwale mpucuko. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, amaMaya aqala ukuphulukana namandla abo kwakude kudala ngaphambi kokuba abemi baseYurophu babeke unyawo lwabo kumazwe akuMbindi Merika wangoku. Ngokwengqikelelo yabaphandi, oku kuguquka kweziganeko kubangelwe ziimfazwe zangaphakathi, ngenxa yoko izixeko zakudala zaziyinkangala.
Impucuko yaseIndiya (iHarrap) (3300 BC - malunga ne1300 BC)
Ngexesha lobukho bempucuko, phantse i-10% yabemi beplanethi babehlala e-Indus Valley ngelo xesha - abantu abazizigidi ezi-5. Impucuko yaseIndiya ikwabizwa ngokuba yimpucuko yaseHarappan (emva kwegama leziko layo-isixeko saseHarappa). Aba bantu banamandla babeneshishini le-metallurgical. Babenabo ileta yabo, ethi, ngelishwa, ihlale yenye yeemfihlelo zempucuko.
Kodwa malunga namawaka amathathu anesiqingatha seminyaka eyadlulayo, uninzi lwabantu baseHarappans bagqiba kwelokuba bafudukele emzantsi-mpuma, beshiya iidolophu zabo. Ngokwenzululwazi, esona sizathu sokuthatha esi sigqibo yayikukuwohloka kwemozulu. Kwiinkulungwane nje ezimbalwa, aba baphambukeli balibale malunga nempumelelo yookhokho babo. Isibetho sokugqibela kwimpucuko yaseHarappan senziwa ngama-Aryan, atshabalalisa abameli bokugqibela baba bantu babekhe banamandla.
Impucuko yaseRapanui kwi-Easter Island (malunga ne-1200 AD-ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17)
Esi siqwenga somhlaba esilahlekileyo elwandle sizingqonge ngesixa esikhulu semfihlo kunye neentsomi. Kude kube ngoku, kwizangqa zabafundi, iingxoxo-mpikiswano ziyaqhubeka malunga nokuba ngubani owokuqala ukuhlala kwesi siqithi. Ngokwenye yeenguqulelo, abemi bokuqala baseRapa Nui (njengoko abemi bayo besibiza ngokuba sisiqithi se-Easter) yayingabafuduki abavela eMpuma Polynesia, ababehamba ngenqanawa apha malunga ne-300 AD. kwiinqanawa ezinkulu nezomeleleyo.
Phantse akukho nto iyaziwayo ngobomi bempucuko yakudala yeRapanui. Esona sikhumbuzo samandla adlulileyo aba bantu yimifanekiso eqingqiweyo yamatye emikhulu ye-moai, ebigade ngokuthe cwaka isiqithi kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi.
Çatalhöyük (7100 BC - 5700 BC)
Esona sixeko sidala ehlabathini. Ivakala ichukumisa, akunjalo? I-Çatalhöyük yakhiwa ngexesha lempucuko ye-Neolithic ephucukileyo (ngaphezulu kweminyaka elithoba elinesiqingatha eyadlulayo) kumhlaba apho iTurkey yanamhlanje ikhona.
Esi sixeko sasinolwakhiwo olukhethekileyo lwaloo maxesha: kwakungekho zitrato, zonke izindlu zazisondelelene, kwaye kwakufuneka ungene ngophahla. Izazinzulu zabiza i-metropolis yakudala i-Çatalhöyük ngesizathu - phantse abantu abalishumi lamawaka bahlala kuyo. Yintoni eyababangela ukuba basishiye isixeko sabo esizukileyo malunga namawaka asixhenxe eminyaka eyadlulayo ayaziwa nangoku.
UChahokia (nge-300 BC - i-14th century AD)
Izikhumbuzo zempucuko yakudala yaseIndiya ziziduli, ezibekwe kwiphondo laseIllinois (eUSA). Kangangexesha elide, Cahokia igcinwe iwonga kwesona sixeko sikhulu eMntla Merika: indawo yolu hlulo yayiziikhilomitha ezili-15, kwaye abantu abangama-40 amawaka babehlala apha. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, abantu bagqiba ekubeni basishiye isixeko zobungangamsha ngenxa yokuba kukho iingxaki ezinkulu kwezococeko, apho kwavela indlala kunye nobhubhane.
UGöbekli Tepe (malunga neminyaka engama-12,000 ubudala)
Le tempile iseyinto eyimfihlakalo. Ekuphela kwento esiyaziyo ngayo kukuba yakhiwa malunga ne-10,000 BC. Igama engaqhelekanga le complex, nto leyo ibekwe kummandla Turkish, uguqulela njengoko "Induli eneebhodwe". Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ziipesenti ezi-5 kuphela zolu lwakhiwo esele ziphononongiwe, kungoko ke abembi bezinto zakudala bengazifumani iimpendulo zemibuzo eliqela.
Ubukhosi baseKhmer (malunga ne-802-1431 AD)
IAngkor Wat yeyona nto itsala umdla eCambodia. Kwaye kanye, ngo-1000-1200 AD, isixeko saseAngkor sasilikomkhulu lobukhosi obukhulu baseKhmer. Ngokwabaphandi, le ndawo yokuhlala yayiyeyona inkulu ehlabathini ngexesha elinye - inani labemi lalilingana nesigidi esinye sabantu.
Izazinzulu zijonga iinguqulelo ezininzi zezizathu zokuhla kobukhosi obubalaseleyo baseKhmer- ukusuka emfazweni ukuya kwintlekele yendalo. Kunzima ukufundisisa amabhodlo ase-Angkor namhlanje kuba uninzi lwawo luzaliswe lihlathi elingenakuhamba.
Ubukhosi beGurid (879 - 1215 AD)
Namhlanje yi-Jam minaret kuphela ekhumbuza isixeko saseFiruzkuh, esasilikomkhulu lobukhosi bamandulo bamaGurids. Impucuko eyanyamalalayo yayihlala kwindawo enkulu ngelo xesha (ummandla we-Afghanistan yanamhlanje, i-Iran nePakistan).
Ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba, ikomkhulu lamaGurids lakhukuliswa ngumkhosi kaGenghis Khan. Ngenxa yokuba i-minaret ikummandla wase-Afghan, ukufunda kuya kusiba nzima, kwaye umsebenzi wokumba kule ndawo awukaqali.
Isixeko samandulo saseNiya (ngexesha lobukho beNdlela enkulu yeSilika, malunga ne-15th century AD)
Ngoku kukho indawo entlango kwindawo kaNiya, kwaye ngaphambili yayiyindawo ebonakalayo apho iikharavani ezazithwele imithwalo ecaleni kweNdlela enkulu yeSilika yayithanda ukuphumla. Amathambo esixeko samandulo afihlwe phantsi kwentlabathi afunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala kutshanje.
Emva kokumba i-Nia yakudala, abembi bezinto zakudala bavuya, kuba kule ndawo bakwazi ukufumana umkhondo wabantu abaninzi abathengisa kwiNdlela yeSilika. Namhlanje, izazinzulu ziyaqhubeka ngokufunda ngenkuthalo iNiyu, ukwehla kwayo kuhambelana nelahleko yomdla kwindlela enkulu yorhwebo.
Isixeko esikwiNabta Playa (malunga ne-4000 BC)
Impucuko ephucukileyo yayihlala entlango yaseSahara, ekwaziyo ukuzenzela uhlobo lwayo lwekhalenda yeenkwenkwezi, eyiminyaka eliwaka indala kuneStonehenge edumileyo. Abemi bentlambo yamachibi akudala iNabta Playa kwafuneka bashiye intlambo ngenxa yotshintsho olukhulu lwemozulu, olwalusomelela ngakumbi.
