I-Enigma ye-Anasazi: Ukucacisa iimfihlo ezilahlekileyo zamandulo zempucuko engaqondakaliyo

Impucuko ye-Anasazi, ngamanye amaxesha ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Ancestral Puebloans, yenye yezona mpucuko zamandulo ezinomdla kunye nezingaqondakaliyo eNyakatho Melika. Aba bantu babehlala kumazantsi-ntshona eUnited States ukusuka malunga nenkulungwane yoku-1 ye-AD ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-13 ye-AD, kwaye bashiya ngasemva ilifa elityebileyo lezinto zakudala, uyilo, kunye nemizobo. Ukanti, phezu kwawo nje amashumi eminyaka ophando nohlolisiso, okuninzi ngoluntu lwawo kuseyimfihlelo. Ukususela ekwakhiweni kweendawo zawo zokuhlala ezingxondorheni ukusa kwizitya zawo zomdongwe ezintsonkothileyo neenkolelo zawo zonqulo, kuninzi esinokukufunda ngamaAnasazi. Kweli nqaku, siza kugocagoca kwiimfihlo zale mpucuko yakudala kwaye sityhile into esiyaziyo malunga nendlela yabo yokuphila, kwaye siphonononge iimfihlakalo ezininzi ezisabangqongileyo.

I-Enigma ye-Anasazi: ukucacisa iimfihlo zakudala ezilahlekileyo zempucuko engaqondakaliyo 1 — Amabhodlo e-Anasazi ebizwa ngokuba yi-False Kiva e-Canyonlands National Park, e-Utah, e-US. © iStock

Contents -

I. Ovela: ngoobani Anasazi?

II. Iindawo zokuhlala ezisemaweni eAnasazi: zakhiwa njani?

III. Indalo eyodwa ye-Anasazi

IV. Ubugcisa nobudongwe be Anasazi

V. Iinkolelo zonqulo zama-Anasazi

VI. Ukunyamalala kuka Anasazi ngendlela engaqondakaliyo

VII. Ngaba iiPuebloans zanamhlanje ziyinzala ka-Anasazi?

VIII. isiphelo

Ovela: ngoobani Anasazi?

I-Anasazi yimpucuko yamandulo engaqondakaliyo eyayihlala kwi-American Southwest. Babehlala kwindawo ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiNqila eZine e-United States, ebandakanya iindawo zase-Arizona, eNew Mexico, eColorado nase-Utah. Abanye bayakholelwa Imbali ye-Anasazi yaqala phakathi kwe-6500 kunye ne-1500 BC kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Archaic period. Iphawula inkcubeko yangaphambi kwe-Anasazi, ngokufika kwamaqela amancinane oonothwal' impahlana basentlango kwingingqi yeZimbombo ezine. Kukholelwa ukuba bahlala kulo mmandla iminyaka engaphezu kwewaka, ukusuka malunga ne-100 AD ukuya ku-1300 AD.

Anasazi petroglyphs kwi Newspaper Rock state park, Utah, USA. Ngelishwa, ooAnasazi babengenalo ulwimi olubhalwayo, kwaye akukho nto yaziwayo ngegama ababezibiza ngalo. © iStock

Igama elithi “Anasazi” ligama lesiNavajo elithetha “abantu bamandulo” okanye “iintshaba zamandulo,” ibe yayingelogama ababezibiza ngalo aba bantu. I-Anasazi zaziwa ngenkcubeko yazo ekhethekileyo kunye nephucukileyo, ebandakanya izinto ezintle zokwakha, izinto zobumba kunye nezolimo. Bakha iindawo zokuhlala ezicolekileyo emaweni kunye pueblos esamiyo nanamhla njengobungqina bobuchule nobuchule babo.

Iindawo zokuhlala ezisemaweni eAnasazi: zakhiwa njani?

I-Enigma ye-Anasazi: ukucacisa iimfihlo zakudala ezilahlekileyo zempucuko engaqondakaliyo 2 — Iindawo zokuhlala ze-Anasazi ezihlala emaweni eMesa Verde National Park, eColorado, eU.S. © iStock

Iindawo zokuhlala zamatye e-Anasazi zezinye zezona zakhiwo zembali ezinomdla kwihlabathi. Ezi zindlu zamandulo zakhiwa ngama-Anasazi kwiminyaka eliwaka eyadlulayo, kwaye zisekho nanamhlanje. Iindawo zokuhlala zamatye e-Anasazi zakhiwe kummandla osemazantsi-ntshona eNyakatho Melika, ngokuyintloko kwindawo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Four Corners. Abantu bakwaAnasazi bakha ezi zindlu ngamatye entlabathi nezinye izinto zendalo ezazifumaneka lula kulo mmandla.

Izindlu ezihlala emaweni zazakhelwe emacaleni amawa, zikhusela imozulu kunye namarhamncwa. Abantu be-Anasazi basebenzisa indibaniselwano yendalo kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngabantu ukuze bakhe ezi zindlu. Bakrola amagumbi emaweni, basebenzisa udaka neendiza ukuze baqinise baze batyabeke iindonga, baza bakha uphahla besebenzisa imiqadi nezinye izinto zendalo. Ukwakhiwa kwezi zindlu zamatye kwakungummangaliso wobunjineli kunye nezinto ezintsha ngexesha lazo, kwaye kusaqhubeka kubangel’ umdla kubabhali-mbali nabembi bezinto zakudala ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje. Iindawo zokuhlala zamatye e-Anasazi aziphawuleki nje kuphela ngokwakhiwa kwazo kodwa nangokubaluleka kwazo kwimbali.

Ezi zindlu zazinika ikhusi, inkuselo, nemvo yokuhlalisana kubantu baseAnasazi ababehlala kuzo. Kwakhona yayiziindawo ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko nezenkolo kubantu baseAnasazi, kwaye uninzi lwazo luqulethe imizobo entsonkothileyo kunye neminye imiqondiso enikela ukuqonda ngeenkolelo nezenzo zempucuko yamandulo. Namhlanje, iindwendwe zinokuhlola uninzi lwala mawa luhlala kwaye luzuza ukuqonda okunzulu ngabantu baka-Anasazi nendlela yabo yokuphila. Ezi zakhiwo zisaqhubeka ziphembelela yaye zibangela umdla kubantu abasuka kulo lonke ihlabathi, yaye zimi njengomzekelo wobungqina bobuchule nobuchule bempucuko yama-Anasazi.

Indalo eyodwa ye-Anasazi

I-Enigma ye-Anasazi: ukucacisa iimfihlo zakudala ezilahlekileyo zempucuko engaqondakaliyo 3 — Ezi petroglyphs zinabileyo kwaye zigcinwe kakuhle zibekwe kwiSego canyon kwintlango yase-Utah. Ziphakathi kwezona petroglyphs zangaphambi kweColumbian zigcinwe kakuhle eUnited States. Ubungqina bokuhlaliswa kwabantu eSego Canyon buqala kwixesha le-Archaic (6000 - 100 BCE). Kodwa kamva isizwe sama-Anasazi, amaFremont, nesaseUte nazo zashiya uphawu lwazo kulo mmandla, zipeyinta zaza zakrola imibono yazo yonqulo, imiqondiso yezizwe zazo, kwanokubhalwa kweziganeko ezibhalwe ematyeni. Ubugcisa belitye leSego Canyon bunokubonakaliswa ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye namaxesha exesha. Obona bugcisa budala bexesha lakudala kunye nemihla phakathi kwe-6,000 BC kunye ne-2,000 BCE, kwaye eminye yeyona mizekelo imangalisayo yobugcisa be-rock kuMzantsi-ntshona ichazwa ngabantu bakudala. © Wikimedia Commons

Abantu be-Anasazi benza ukubonakala kwabo njengesizwe ubuncinane malunga nonyaka we-1500 BC. Ulwazi nobuchule babo kwinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi babuchukumisa, njengoko bakha indawo yokujonga nokuqonda iinkwenkwezi. Kwakhona benza ikhalenda ekhethekileyo yemisebenzi yabo yemihla ngemihla neyonqulo, becinga ngeziganeko zasezulwini ababezibona. Ngaphezu koko, bakha iindlela ezintsonkothileyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba banobuchule obungakumbi bokwakha nokuhamba ngenqanawa. Iindawo zabo zokuhlala, kwelinye icala, zazinomngxuma ophakathi emgangathweni, ababewuthatha njengomnyango osuka kumhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba okanye kwihlabathi lesithathu, ukuya kwihlabathi lesine okanye uMhlaba wangoku. Ezi mpawu ziphawulekayo zibonisa inkcubeko ekhethekileyo kunye nobukrelekrele besizwe sikaAnasazi.

Ubugcisa nobudongwe be Anasazi

Enye into enomdla kakhulu kwinkcubeko ye-Anasazi yayibubugcisa babo kunye neengqayi. Ama-Anasazi ayengamagcisa achubekileyo, kwaye udongwe lwawo lolona luhle kwaye luntsonkothile kwezakha zadalwa. Iingqayi zikaAnasazi zenziwe ngesandla, kwaye iqhekeza ngalinye lahlukile. Basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubumba iingqayi zabo, kuquka ukubhijela, ukucofa, nokukrwela. Baphinde basebenzise izinto zendalo ukwenza imibala kwiingqayi zabo. Umzekelo, basebenzisa udongwe olubomvu oluxutywe ne-hematite yomhlaba ukwenza umbala obomvu onzulu.

Udongwe luka-Anasazi lwalungaphezulu nje kwento esebenzayo; ibikwayindlela yokuzibonakalisa ngobuchule ooAnasazi. Babedla ngokusebenzisa imiqondiso kwingqayi yabo yodongwe eyayinentsingiselo yonqulo okanye yokomoya. Ngokomzekelo, babesebenzisa imifanekiso yezilwanyana, ezinjengezikhova nokhozi, ekwakukholelwa ukuba zinamandla akhethekileyo. Bakwasebenzisa iimilo zejiyometri, ezifana ne-spirals kunye nonxantathu, ezimele imijikelo yobomi kunye nendalo. Ubugcisa kunye neengqayi zomdongwe zikaAnasazi zityhila okuninzi ngenkcubeko yazo kunye nendlela yazo yokuphila. Babengabantu ababebuxabisile ubuhle kunye nobuchule, kwaye basebenzisa ubugcisa babo ukubonisa iinkolelo zabo kunye nezenzo zabo zokomoya. Namhlanje, i-Anasazi pottery ixabiswa kakhulu ngabaqokeleli kwaye ithathwa njengenye yegalelo elibalulekileyo kubugcisa boMdabu baseMelika.

Iinkolelo zonqulo zama-Anasazi

Nangona abantu be-Anasazi babesaziwa ngobuchule babo bokwakha obumangalisayo kunye nobugcisa obuchukumisayo, mhlawumbi nabo badume kakhulu ngeenkolelo zabo zonqulo. AmaAnasazi ayekholelwa kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo yoothixo noothixokazi ababenembopheleleko ngehlabathi eliwangqongileyo. Babekholelwa ukuba yonke into esehlabathini inomoya, yaye babesebenza nzima ukuze bahlale bonwabile. Babekholelwa ukuba xa bengayigcini imimoya yonwabile, kwakuya kwenzeka izinto ezimbi kubo. Oku kwakhokelela ekuyilweni kwezithethe nemisitho emininzi eyayilungiselelwe ukungxengxeza koothixo noothixokazi.

Enye yezona ndawo zibalaseleyo zonqulo ze-Anasazi yiChaco Canyon. Esi siza siqulethe uluhlu lwezakhiwo ezakhiwe ngendlela enzima yejometri. Kukholelwa ukuba ezi zakhiwo zazisetyenziselwa iinjongo zonqulo yaye zaziyinxalenye yenkqubo enkulu yeenkolelo zonqulo. Ama-Anasazi yayiyimpucuko ebangel' umdla eyayineenkolelo zonqulo ezintsonkothileyo nezibambelele ngokunzulu. Ngokuhlolisisa izenzo zabo zonqulo, sinokuqalisa ukuqonda okungakumbi ngale mpucuko yamandulo neemfihlelo ababenazo.

Ukunyamalala kuka Anasazi ngendlela engaqondakaliyo

Impucuko yeAnasazi yinkcubeko enika umdla nengaqondakaliyo eye yadida ababhali bembali kangangeenkulungwane. Baphuhlisa ulwakhiwo lwabo olumangalisayo, iinkqubo zendlela ezintsonkothileyo, ubugcisa obunomtsalane kunye neenkcubeko, kunye nendlela ekhethekileyo yokuphila, nangona kunjalo, malunga ne-1300 AD, impucuko ye-Anasazi yathi shwaka ngequbuliso kwimbali, ishiya ngasemva amabhodlo kunye nezinto zabo zobugcisa. Ukunyamalala kwe-Anasazi yenye yezona mfihlelo ezinkulu kwi-archaeology yaseMntla Melika. Phezu kwazo nje iithiyori ezininzi ezibangel’ umdla, kuquka nokubandakanyeka kwamanye amazwe, eziye zabekwa phambili, akukho mntu waziyo ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba kutheni iAnasazi yabhanga.

Abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba baye banyanzeleka ukuba bahambe ngenxa yezinto ezisingqongileyo ezifana nembalela okanye indlala. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba bafudukela kweminye imimandla, mhlawumbi ekude njengaseMzantsi Merika. Sekunjalo, abanye bakholelwa ukuba batshatyalaliswa yimfazwe okanye zizifo. Enye into ebangela umdla kukuba ooAnasazi babe lixhoba lempumelelo yabo. Abanye abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela eziphambili ze-Anasazi zabangela ukuba basebenzise umhlaba ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye bachithe ubuncwane babo, emva koko. imo iyatshintsha ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela ekuweni kwabo.

Abanye bakholelwa ukuba ama-Anasazi asenokuba ayengamaxhoba eenkolelo zawo zonqulo okanye zobupolitika. Nangona kukho iingcamango ezininzi, ukunyamalala kwe-Anasazi kuhlala kuyimfihlakalo. Into esiyaziyo kukuba uAnasazi ushiye ngasemva ilifa lenkcubeko etyebileyo eqhubeka isenza amayelenqe kwaye isikhuthaza namhlanje. Ngobugcisa babo, ukuyila, kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngodongwe, sinokubona ihlabathi eladlula kudala kodwa elingalibalekiyo.

Ngaba iiPuebloans zanamhlanje ziyinzala ka-Anasazi?

I-Enigma ye-Anasazi: ukucacisa iimfihlo zakudala ezilahlekileyo zempucuko engaqondakaliyo 4 — Ifoto yakudala yeendawo ezidumileyo zaseMelika: Usapho lwamaIndiya asePueblo, eNew Mexico. © iStock

Abantu basePuebloans, okanye abantu basePueblo, ngabantu bomthonyama baseMelika kuMzantsi-ntshona weUnited States ababelana ngezolimo ezifanayo, izinto eziphathekayo kunye nenkolo. Phakathi kweePueblo ezimiweyo ngoku, iTaos, iSan Ildefonso, iAcoma, iZuni, neHopi zezinye zezona zaziwayo. Abantu basePueblo bathetha iilwimi ezivela kwiintsapho ezine ezahlukeneyo zeelwimi, kwaye iPueblo nganye yahlulwe ngokwenkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokuzalana kunye nezolimo, nangona zonke zilima iintlobo zombona.

Inkcubeko ye-Ancestral Puebloan yahlulwe yaba ziindawo ezintathu eziphambili okanye amasebe, ngokusekwe kwindawo yejografi:

Chaco Canyon (kumntla ntshona weNew Mexico)
Kayenta (kumntla-mpuma Arizona)
UMntla weSan Juan (iMesa Verde kunye neHovenweep National Monument - kumzantsi-ntshona weColorado nakumazantsi-mpuma eUtah)

Izithethe zale mihla zasePueblo zibambe ukuba ii-Ancestral Puebloans zavela kwi-sipapu, apho zavela khona kwilizwe langaphantsi. Kangangeminyaka engaziwayo, ayekhokelwa ziinkosi yaye ekhokelwa yimimoya njengoko ayegqiba ukufuduka okukhulu kulo lonke ilizwekazi loMntla Merika. Baqala bahlala kwimimandla yase-Ancestral Puebloan iminyaka engamakhulu ambalwa ngaphambi kokuba bafudukele kwiindawo abakuzo ngoku.

Ngoko ke, kucacile ukuba abantu basePueblo baye bahlala kwi-American Southwest iminyaka eyiwaka kwaye behla kwi-Ancestral Pueblo abantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, igama elithi Anasazi ngamanye amaxesha lisetyenziselwa ukubhekisela kubantu basePueblo ookhokho, kodwa ngoku kuphephe kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuba uAnasazi ligama lesiNavajo elithetha abantu baMandulo okanye uTshaba lwamandulo, ngoko abantu basePueblo bayigatya.

isiphelo

Ukuqukumbela, iAnasazi yayiyimpucuko ekhethekileyo, ehambele phambili nentsonkothileyo eyashiya ngasemva izinto ezininzi ezibangel’ umdla nezichukumisayo zolwakhiwo, inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, nobumoya. Nangona baphumeleleyo, incinci kakhulu into eyaziwayo ngabantu bakaAnasazi. Inkcubeko kunye nendlela yabo yokuphila ihlala iyimfihlakalo, kwaye izazi-mlando kunye nabembi bezinto zakudala bahlala bezama ukuhlanganisa imikhondo ukuze bafunde ngakumbi ngale mpucuko yakudala. Esikwaziyo kukuba babengabalimi abanobuchule, abazingeli nabaqokeleli, yaye babephila ngokuvisisana nomhlaba, besebenzisa ubuncwane bawo ngendlela ezinzileyo.

Nangona kunjalo, imfihlakalo yokumka kwabo ngequbuliso kulo mmandla ihlala ingasonjululwanga, ukanti ilifa labo lisabonwa kwiinkcubeko zezizwe zomthonyama ezifana namaHopi namhlanje. Kodwa akwanelanga ukungqina ukuba ooAnasazi bavele bapakisha iibhegi zabo bemka besiya kwenye indawo. Ubuchule babo bobunjineli nokwakha, kunye nokuqonda kwabo indalo, babubalasele ngendlela ephawulekayo xa kujongwa ixesha ababephila ngalo. Ibali likaAnasazi lisebenza njengobungqina bobuchule kunye nobuchule bobuntu, kunye nesikhumbuzo sembali yethu ekwabelwana ngayo nabantu bamandulo abafika ngaphambi kwethu.