Ngokombhalo wakudala, lalikhona ixesha kwi-Egypt yakudala, ngaphambi kokuba umhlaba wooFaro ulawulwe ngabantu abafayo apho kulawula khona izidalwa ezivela ezulwini. Ezi zinto ziyimfihlakalo kubhekiselwa kuzo 'njengooThixo' okanye 'iidemigods' ezaziphila zilawula i-Egypt yamandulo amawaka eminyaka.
Imfihlakalo yoluhlu lweTurin King
Uluhlu lweTurin King luluhlu lweencwadi ezingcwele ezivela kwixesha likaRamesside. I "canon" ngokusisiseko yingqokelela okanye uluhlu lwezibhalo okanye imithetho ngokubanzi. Eli gama livela kwigama lesiGrike elithetha "ulawulo" okanye "intonga yokulinganisa".
Kuzo zonke izinto ezibizwa ngokuba ziinkosi ze-Egypt yamandulo, uLuhlu lweTurin King lolona lubalulekileyo. Nangona igcine umonakalo omkhulu, inika ulwazi oluluncedo kakhulu kwizazi zase-Egypt kwaye ikwangqinelana noko kudityaniswa nembali kaManetho kwi-Egypt yamandulo.
Ukufunyanwa koluhlu lweTurin King
Ibhalwe kwinkqubo yokubhala yamandulo yase-Egypt ebizwa ngokuba yi-hieratic, iTurin Royal Canon Papyrus yathengwa eThebes ngugqirha wase-Italiya kunye nomhloli wamazwe uBernardino Drovetti ngo-1822, ngethuba lokuya kwakhe eLuxor.
Nangona ekuqaleni yayixinekile kwaye ibekwe ebhokisini kunye nezinye iipapiri, isikhumba saqhekeka saba ngamaqhekeza amaninzi ngexesha lafika e-Italiya, kwaye kwafuneka ukuba iphinde yakhiwe kwaye icaciswe ngobunzima.
Ezinye iziqwenga ezingama-48 zaqala ukuhlanganiswa ngugqirha wase-Egypt ongumJean-Francois Champollion (1790-1832). Emva kwexesha, ezinye iziqwenga ezilikhulu zadityaniswa ngumdibi wezinto zakudala waseJamani naseMelika uGustavus Seyffarth (1796-1885). Izazi ngembali zisaphanda kwaye ziqokelela amaqhekeza alahlekileyo oLuhlu lweKing yaseTurin.
Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zibuyisiweyo zenziwa ngo-1938 nguGiulio Farina, umlawuli wemyuziyam. Kodwa ngo-1959, u-Gardiner, i-Egyptologist yase-Bhritane, wacebisa ukuba kubekwe ezinye iziqwenga, kubandakanywa neziqwengana ezisandula ukufunyanwa ngo-2009.
Ngoku yenziwe ngamaqhekeza angama-160, uLuhlu loKumkani waseTurin luswele izinto ezibini ezibalulekileyo: ukwaziswa kwoluhlu kunye nesiphelo. Kukholelwa ukuba igama lombhali woLuhlu lweTurin King unokufumaneka kwinxalenye yesingeniso.
Zithini izintlu zokumkani?
Izintlu zoKumkani wamandulo wase-Egypt zuluhlu lwamagama asebukhosini abhalwa ngama-Egypt amandulo ngolunye uhlobo. Olu luhlu lwaludla ngokuthunyelwa ngoofaro ukuze babonise ukuba lingakanani igazi labo lasebukhosini ngokudwelisa bonke oofaro kuwo kumnombo ongapheliyo (ubukhosi).
Nangona ekuqaleni le nto inokubonakala njengeyona ndlela iluncedo kakhulu yokulandela umkhondo wolawulo lweefaro ezahlukeneyo, ibingachanekanga ncam kuba ama-Egypt amandulo adume ngokushiya ulwazi angaluthandiyo, okanye ulwazi olugqithisileyo abaziva bebenza balunge .
Kuyatshiwo ke ukuba olu luhlu belungacetyelwanga ukuba lunike ulwazi lwembali kangangendlela yokunqula izinyanya. Ukuba uyakhumbula, siyazi ukuba amaYiputa amandulo ayekholelwa ukuba uFaro wayezalwa kwakhona ngoHorus emhlabeni kwaye wayeza kuchongwa no-Osiris emva kokufa.
Indlela ezazisetyenziswa ngayo izazinzulu zase-Egypt yayikukuzithelekisa kunye nedatha eqokelelwe ngezinye iindlela emva koko zakha kwakhona eyona rekhodi inembali. Izintlu zoKumkani esaziyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku zibandakanya:
- Uluhlu lweRoyal Thutmosis III ukusuka eKarnak
- Uluhlu lweRoyal Sety I eAbydos
- Ilitye lePalermo
- Uluhlu lwee-Abydos King zeRamses II
- Ithebhulethi yeSaqqara evela kwingcwaba likaTenroy
- I-Royal Canon yaseTurin (uLuhlu loKumkani waseTurin)
- Imibhalo ematyeni eWadi Hammamat
Kutheni le nto iTurin King List (iTurin Royal Canon) ikhetheke kangaka kwi-Egyptology?
Zonke ezinye izintlu zirekhodwe kwiindawo ezinzima ezenzelwe ukuhlala ixesha elininzi lobomi, ezifana nengcwaba okanye udonga lwetempile okanye amatye. Nangona kunjalo, uluhlu olunye lokumkani lwalukhethekile: uLuhlu lweKing yaseTurin, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiTurin Royal Canon, eyayibhalwe kwimipapiri ngeskripthi semibhalo. Imalunga ne-1.7 yeemitha ubude.
Ngokungafaniyo nolunye uluhlu lookumkani, uludwe lweKing yaseTurin lubala bonke abalawuli, kubandakanya abancinci kunye nabo babonwa njengabaphangi. Ngapha koko, irekhoda ubude bolawulo ngokuchanekileyo.
Olu luhlu lokumkani lubonakala lubhaliwe ngexesha lolawulo lukaRamesses II, upharao omkhulu we-19. Olu luluhlu olunolwazi noluchanekileyo kwaye lubuyela umva lonke indlela eya kuKing Menes. Ayidwelisi nje kuphela amagama ookumkani, njengoko uninzi lolunye uluhlu lusenza, kodwa inika enye idatha eluncedo efana:
- Ubude bolawulo lokumkani ngamnye kwiminyaka, kwezinye iimeko kwinyanga nakwiintsuku.
- Iphawula amagama ookumkani ababeshiyiwe kwezinye izintlu zokumkani.
- Idibanisa ookumkani ngendawo endaweni yobalo-maxesha
- Kuluhlu lwamagama abalawuli baseHyksos base-Egypt
- Ibuyela emva kwixesha elingaqhelekanga xa oothixo kunye nookumkani abadumileyo babelawula i-Egypt.
Phakathi kwezi, inqaku lokugqibela yinxalenye engasonjululwanga enomdla kwimbali yase-Egypt. Elona candelo linomdla kunye nelinempikiswano eTurin Royal Canon isixelela ngooThixo, iiDemigods kunye neMimoya yabaFileyo ababelawula ngokwasemzimbeni iminyaka eliwaka.
Uluhlu lokumkani waseTurin: Oothixo, iidemigods kunye neMimoya yabafileyo balawula amawaka eminyaka
NgokukaManetho, "ukumkani ongumntu" wokuqala wase-Egypt, yayingu-Mena okanye u-Menes, kwi-4,400 BC (ngokwendalo ukuba "abanamhlanje" bawususele loo mhla kwimihla yamva nje). Lo kumkani waseka iMemphis, wayijika indlela yomNayile, wamisa inkonzo apho.
Ngaphambi kweli nqanaba, i-Egypt yayilawulwa ngoothixo kunye neeDemigods, njengoko kuchaziwe nguRA Schwaller de Lubicz, kwi "Sacred Science: The King of Pharaonic Theocracy" apho kusenziwa khona le ngxelo:
… ITurin Papyrus, kwirejista edwelisa uLawulo loothixo, imigca emibini yokugqibela yekholamu ishwankathela: “Izinto ezihloniphekileyo uShemsu-Hor, iminyaka eyi-13,420; Ulawulo phambi kweShemsu-Hor, iminyaka engama-23,200; Iyonke iminyaka engama-36,620 XNUMX. ”
Ngokucacileyo, le migca mibini ikholamu, ebonakala ngathi imele i-resume yoxwebhu lonke inomdla kakhulu kwaye iyasikhumbuza Uluhlu loKumkani waseSumeriya.
Ngokwendalo, inzululwazi yanamhlanje yokuthanda izinto eziphathekayo, ayinakubamkela ubukho boThixo kunye neeDemigod njengookumkani, kwaye ke iyabachasa abo maxesha. Nangona kunjalo, la maxesha maxesha- "Uluhlu olude looKumkani" - (ngokuyinxenye) akhankanywe kwimithombo emininzi ethembekileyo evela kwiMbali, kubandakanya nolunye uludwe lweeKumkani zase-Egypt.
Ulawulo oluyimfihlakalo lwase-Egypt oluchazwe nguManetho
Ukuba siza kuvumela uManetho, umbingeleli omkhulu weetempile eziqalekisiweyo zase-Egypt, ukuba azithethele, akukho nto sinokuyenza ngaphandle kokuba sibuyele kwimibhalo apho iziqwengana zomsebenzi wakhe zigcinwe khona. Enye yezona zibaluleke kakhulu kwezi yinguqulelo yeArmenian ye- Chronica kaEusebius. Iqala ngokusazisa ukuba icatshulwe "kwiMbali yase-Egypt kaManetho, owabhala ingxelo yakhe kwiincwadi ezintathu. Ezi zinto zisebenza ngoothixo, oothixo, imimoya yabafi kunye nookumkani abafayo abalawula i-Egypt. ”
Ecaphula uManetho ngqo, u-Eusebius uqala ngokususa uluhlu loothixo oluqulathe, ngokuyintloko, u-Ennead oqhelekileyo we-Heliopolis-Ra, Osiris, Isis, Horus, Set, njalo njalo. Aba babengabokuqala ukulawula eYiputa.
“Emva koko, ubukumkani budlula busuka komnye buye komnye bungalandelani… kwiminyaka eyi-13,900 1255… Emva koothixo, iiDemigods zalawula iminyaka eyi-1817; kwaye kwakhona omnye umgca wookumkani wabamba ulawulo iminyaka eyi-1790; emva koko kwafika ookumkani abangamashumi amathathu, abalawula iminyaka eli-350; Kwaye kwakhona ookumkani abalishumi balawula iminyaka engama-5813. Kwalandela ulawulo lwemimoya yabafileyo… kangangeminyaka engama-XNUMX… ”
Itotali yawo onke la maxesha idibanisa ifikelela kwiminyaka engama-24,925. Ngokukodwa, uManetho kwathiwa unike inani elikhulu leminyaka engama-36,525 ngalo lonke ixesha lempucuko yase-Egypt ukusukela ngexesha loothixo ukuya esiphelweni se-30th (kunye neyokugqibela) yookumkani bokufa.
Umbhali-mbali ongumGrike uDiodorus Siculus wafumanisa ntoni malunga nembali yase-Egypt eyimfihlakalo?
Inkcazo kaManetho ifumana inkxaso enkulu phakathi kwababhali bakudala. Kwinkulungwane yokuqala ye-BC, umbhali-mbali ongumGrike uDiodorus Siculus watyelela i-Egypt. Uchazwe ngokufanelekileyo ngu-CH Oldfather, umguquleli wakhe wakutshanje, njengomqokeleli ongagxekiyo osebenzise imithombo elungileyo kwaye wayivelisa ngokuthembeka.
Ngamanye amagama, kuthetha ukuthini ukuba uDiodorus akazange azame ukunyanzelisa ucalucalulo kunye nemibono yakhe kwizinto awayeziqokelele. Uxabiseke kakhulu kuthi kuba abaphengululi bakhe babandakanya ababingeleli base-Egypt awababuza malunga nokudlula okungummangaliso kwelizwe labo. Nantsi into eyaxelelwa uDiodorus:
“Kuqala oothixo namagorha balawula i-Egypt iminyaka engaphantsi kwe-18,000, owokugqibela koothixo balawula inguHorus, unyana ka-Isis… Abantu abafayo bebengukumkani belizwe labo, bathi, iminyaka engaphantsi kwe-5000. ”
Yintoni eyafunyanwa nguHerodotus malunga nokudlula okumangalisayo kwase-Egypt?
Kudala ngaphambi kukaDiodorus, i-Egypt yayindwendwelwe ngomnye umbhali-mbali obalaseleyo wase-Greek: uHerodotus omkhulu, owayehlala kwinkulungwane yesihlanu ye-BC. Naye, kubonakala ukuba, wayezihlanganisile nabefundisi kwaye naye wakwazi ukuthobela izithethe ezazithetha ngobukho bempucuko e-Nile Valley ngomhla othile ongachazwanga mandulo.
UHerodotus ucacisa ezi zithethe zembali enkulu yempucuko yase-Egypt kwiNcwadi II yeMbali yakhe. Kwakwalo mbhalo ukwasinika, ngaphandle kwezimvo, into ekhethekileyo yolwazi eyavela kubabingeleli baseHeliopolis:
"Ngeli xesha, bathi, bekukho amatyeli amane apho ilanga liphuma kwindawo yakhe yamahlwili - ephakama kabini apho itshona khona ngoku, kwaye iphindwe kabini apho aphuma khona ngoku."
UZep Tepi - 'lixesha lokuqala' kwi-Egypt yamandulo
Ama-Egypt amandulo athi ngeXesha lokuQala, uZep Tepi, xa oothixo babelawula kwilizwe labo: bathi yayilixesha legolide apho amanzi enzonzobila ahlehla, ubumnyama obunqabileyo bagxothwa, kwaye ubuntu, buvela ekukhanyeni, wanikwa izipho zempucuko.
Baye bathetha nangabalamli phakathi koothixo nabantu-i-Urshu, udidi loothixo abancinci isihloko sabo sithetha 'abaLindi'. Kwaye bagcina ngokukhumbula ngokucacileyo oothixo ngokwabo, izidalwa ezithandekayo nezintle ezibizwa ngokuba ziiNeteru ezazihlala emhlabeni noluntu kwaye zisebenzisa ubukhosi bazo ukusuka eHeliopolis nakwezinye iindawo ezingcwele ezihla zinyuka ngomNayile.
Abanye bala maNeteru babengamadoda kwaye abanye babhinqileyo kodwa bonke babenegunya lamandla angaphezu kwendalo aquka ukukwazi ukuvela, ngokuthanda, njengamadoda okanye abasetyhini, okanye njengezilwanyana, iintaka, izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo, imithi okanye izityalo. Ngokudabukisayo, amazwi nezenzo zabo zibonakala ngathi zibonakalisa inkanuko yomntu kunye nokuzixakekisa. Ngokukwanjalo, nangona baboniswa benamandla kwaye bekrelekrele kunabantu, kwakukholelwa ukuba banokugula-okanye basweleke, okanye babulawe-phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
Yintoni esinokuyifunda malunga 'nexesha lokuqala' ukuba iTurin Canon Papyrus yayihleli ihleli?
Amaqhekeza aseleyo ayathandeka. Kwirejista enye, umzekelo, sifunda amagama alishumi e-Neteru anegama ngalinye libhalwe kwi-cartouche (indawo ebiyelweyo) ngendlela efanayo eyamkelwe kwixesha elizayo kookumkani bembali base-Egypt. Inani leminyaka iNeter nganye ekholelwa ukuba ilawula nayo yanikwa, kodwa uninzi lwala manani alukho kuxwebhu olonakeleyo.
Kwelinye ikholamu kubonakala uluhlu lookumkani abafayo abalawula kwi-Egypt ephezulu nasezantsi emva koothixo kodwa ngaphambi kokudityaniswa kobukumkani phantsi kweMenes, uFaro wokuqala woBukhosi bokuqala, ngo-3100 BC.
Ukusuka kumaqhekeza aseleyo kunokwenzeka ukufumanisa ukuba 'iidynasties' ezisithoba zale pharao zaphambi kwexesha lazo zakhankanywa, phakathi kwazo kwakukho 'iiVenableable zaseMemphis', 'iiVenerable zaseMantla', okokugqibela, iShemsu Hor (Abahlobo , okanye Abalandeli, bakaHorus) owayelawula kwada kwalixesha leMadoda.
Olunye uluhlu lokumkani olujongana namaxesha angaphambi kwembali kunye nookumkani abadumileyo base-Egypt Ilitye lePalermo. Nangona ingasithathi ukuba sibuyele mva njenge-Turin Canon Papyrus, inika iinkcukacha ezibeka ngokucacileyo imbali yethu yesiqhelo.
Amazwi okugqibela
Njengesiqhelo, uluhlu lwenkosi lushiya kakhulu ingxoxo, kwaye uluhlu lweTurin King alukho. Okwangoku, kude kube ngoku yenye yezona zinto ziluncedo kakhulu ngolwazi malunga neefaro zakudala zase-Egypt kunye nolawulo lwabo.
Ngaba ufuna ulwazi olunzulu ngakumbi kuLuhlu lweKing yaseTurin? Jonga oku iphepha phandle.
