Nguva yeViking yaive nguva yekukurumidza kukura - munzira dzakawanda. Nzira dzenzizi nemhenderekedzo dzegungwa dzakaongororwa, kutengeserana nemisika zvakasimbiswa, maguta akaumbwa uye feudal system yakasimbiswa.
Nekudaro, vanhu vazhinji vanoshamisika kuona kuti maViking aivewo nyanzvi dzemhizha dzakagadzira zvinhu zvakawanda zvatinoshandisa nhasi. Vakaitawo materesikopu here? Pamwe kwete asi vanogona kugadzira yavo vhezheni yeteresikopu nenzira ye "Viking lenses" idzo dziri kupokana pari zvino kuti vanokodzera here sechikamu chikuru cheteresikopu kana kuti kwete. Saka chii chaizvo maViking lenzi?
MaVikings angadai akashandisa teresikopu mazana emakore vasati vagadziri vezviratidziro vechiDutch vanonzi vakagadzira mudziyo mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 16.
Izvi zvinoshamisa zvinogoneka zvakatanga kubuda kubva muongororo yemalensi akaomesesa anozivikanwa kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yeViking pachitsuwa cheGotland muGungwa reBaltic muna 2000.
"Zvinoita sekuti elliptical lens dhizaini yakagadzirwa kare yatakafunga uye ruzivo rwakarasika," Maererano nemuongorori anotungamirira, Dr Olaf Schmidt, weAalen University kuGermany.
"Pamusoro pemamwe malenzi ane chimiro chakakwana cheelliptical," Dr Schmidt vakadaro. "Zviripachena vakagadzirwa palathe inotenderedza."
Mushakabvu Dr Karl-Heinz Wilms akatanga kunzwa nezve inonzi "Visby" lens muna 1990 apo aitsvaga zviratidziro zveMunich museum. Yakatumidzwa zita reguta guru paGotland. Dr Wilms vakawana mufananidzo welenzi mubhuku uye vakaronga kuongorora yekutanga.
Asi hazvina kusvika muna 1997 apo boka revasayendisiti vatatu rakaenda kuGotland kuti vanyatsotarisa kuti chii chaizvo chaive malenzi gumi akavharirwa mukamuri rekuchengetera remiyuziyamu yeko.
Nekudaro, zvinoita sezviri pachena kuti maViking haana kugadzira lenzi ivo pachavo. "Pane mazano ekuti malenzi anogona kunge akagadzirwa mu (humambo hwekare hwe) Byzantium kana mudunhu reEastern Europe," Dr Schmidt vakadaro.
Mamwe malenzi anogona kuoneka kuGotland's Fornsal, iyo nhoroondo museum muVisby. Vamwe vari muSweden National Museum muStockholm. Vamwe vakarasika.
MaViking vaive vafambisi vezvikepe uye vafambisi vezvikepe, asi nei kushandisa lenzi? MaViking anozivikanwa kuva aifarira zvikuru nyeredzi nemapoka enyeredzi. VaViking vakatosvika pakugadzira machati emapoka enyeredzi.
Mamwe maumbirwo emhuka anonzi theriomorphic akawanikwa paViking-era artifacts, angangomiririra mapoka enyeredzi. MaViking aive nechikonzero chakanaka chekudhirowa zvimiro zvisingaite pane izvi zvigadzirwa: kwaive kutaurirana nezvisikwa zviri kunze kwenyika?
Munguva yeViking Era, paive nemhando mbiri dzeteresikopu dzaishandiswa: sextant (mudziyo wekuverengera latitude) uye denderedzwa rehondo (nyika yedenga). Iyo yekupedzisira ndiyo yakawanda kupfuura ingangove yakakwezva kutarisa kweVikings.
Chibhorani chehondo chaive mudziyo waibatwa mumaoko, kuti munhu agone kuushandisa kuona nyeredzi. Mudziyo uyu wakaramba uchishandiswa kusvika pakutanga Renaissance uye waishandiswa netsika dzakawanda dzekare, kusanganisira maVikings.
Zvinonzi maVikings vakagadzira teresikopu yakareruka muzana remakore rechipfumbamwe kana rechigumi, panguva imwechete kufarira kwavo nyeredzi kwakatanga kunyorwa. Zvisinei, humbowo hwekare hwemaVikings vachishandisa ruzivo rwenyeredzi pakufamba hunobva muna 9, pakadhirowa mepu muScandinavia iyo yakavakirwa paruzivo rwesainzi rwenguva iyoyo.
MaVikings aive neruzivo rwakakura rwemugungwa nehupenyu hwemugungwa, saka zvinogoneka kuti vakauya nepfungwa yekushandisa yakagadziridzwa sextant kuti vaone kana vaive vasvika pedyo nemahombekombe egungwa risinganzwisisike. VaViking havana kana kumbomirira.
Pakupedzisira, mubvunzo wekuti maVikings vakagadzira teresikopu yakaomesesa here kana kuti kwete inoramba iri imwe yezvirahwe zvenhoroondo zvinogara zvichikurukurwa pakati pevanyori venhoroondo nevanofarira. Kunyange pasina humbowo hwakajeka hwekuti maVikings aive nemudziyo wakadaro, kune dzakawanda dzidziso uye zvidimbu zvehumbowo zvinoratidza kuti vanogona kunge vakawana tekinoroji iyi.
Dzidziso yekutanga inobva pakuti maVikings vaiva vafambisi vezvikepe vakanaka uye vaongorori. Vaikwanisa kuyambuka makungwa uye kufamba mumvura dzine makomba. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vaive nehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwaivabvumira kugadzira ngarava dzakasimba nemidziyo yekufambisa.
Chimwe chikamu cheuchapupu kuvepo kweiyo Icelandic sagas. Idzi nyaya dzinotaura nezvenzendo dzeViking uye adventures, uye dzimwe dzacho dzinotaura nezvekushandiswa kweteresikopu. Kana aya sagas achifanirwa kutendwa, saka zvinogoneka kuti maVikings aive nekuwana iyi tekinoroji.
Zvisinei, uchapupu hunopwisa zvikuru iidi rokuti maVikings akakwanisa kuwira muNorth America. Iri raive basa raingogoneka nerubatsiro rweteresikopu. Kuti vafambe rwendo rurefu kudaro, vaViking vaizoda kukwanisa kuona nyika iri kure.
Kunyange pasina humbowo hwakajeka hwekuti maViking aive neteresikopu, humbowo huripo hunoratidza kuti zvinogoneka. MaVikings vaive vanhu vakaoma musoro vaikwanisa kuwana tekinoroji yepamusoro. Dai vaive neteresikopu, ingadai yakave chishandiso chakakosha chingadai chakavabatsira mukunzvera kwavo nyika.
