Zvinoenderana nezvinyorwa zvekare, pakanga paine nguva muIjipita yekare, nyika yevaFarao isati yatongwa nevanhu venyika kwaitonga pamusoro penyika zvisikwa zvakabva kumatenga. Izvi zvisikwa zvisinganzwisisike zvinonzi 'Vanamwari' kana 'Madhimoni' avo vakararama nekutonga pamusoro peEgypt yekare kwezviuru zvemakore.
Chakavanzika cheTurin King Chinyorwa
Iyo Turin King Chinyorwa chinyorwa chemagwaro kubva panguva yeRamesside. "Canon" inonyanya kuunganidzwa kana runyorwa rwemagwaro matsvene kana general mitemo. Izwi iri rinobva pazwi rechiGiriki rinoreva "kutonga" kana "chiyero chekuyera".
Pazvose zvinonzi mazita emadzimambo eIjipita yekare, iyo Turin King Rondedzero ndiyo ingangodaro inonyanya kukosha. Kunyangwe yakachengetedza kukuvara kwakawanda, inopa ruzivo rwakakosha kwazvo kune veEgyptologist uye zvakare iri mu-mutsetse neManetho nhoroondo yenhoroondo kuIjipita yekare.
Kuwanikwa kweiyo Turin King Chinyorwa
Yakanyorwa mumutauro wekare wekuEgypt wekutuka unonzi hieratic, iyo Turin Royal Canon Papyrus yakatengwa muThebes nemumiriri weItaly uye mutsvaguriri Bernardino Drovetti muna 1822, panguva yekufamba kwake kuenda kuLuxor.
Kunyangwe hazvo pakutanga yainyanya kugadzikana uye yaiiswa mubhokisi pamwe nemamwe mapepa, mapepa aya akapunzika kuita zvidimbu nenguva payakasvika kuItari, uye yaifanirwa kuvakwazve uye kududzirwa neyakaomarara.
Zvimwe zvidimbu makumi mana nemasere zvepuzzle zvakatanga kuunganidzwa neFranceologist Egyptologist Jean-Francois Champollion (48-1790). Gare gare, zvimwe zvidimbu zana zvakabatanidzwa pamwechete neGerman uye American archaeologist Gustavus Seyffarth (1832-1796). Vanyori vezvakaitika kare vachiri kutsvaga uye kubaya pamwechete zvidimbu zvisipo zveTurin King Chinyorwa.
Kumwe kwekudzoreredza kwakakosha kwakaitwa muna 1938 naGiulio Farina, director wemu museum. Asi muna 1959, Gardiner, muBritish Egyptologist, akakurudzira kumisikidzwa kwezvimedu, kusanganisira zvidimbu zvakangowanikwa muna2009.
Zvino yakagadzirwa nezvidimbu zana nemakumi matanhatu, iyo Turin King Rondedzero haina zvikamu zviviri zvakakosha: kuiswa kweiyo runyorwa uye magumo. Zvinotendwa kuti zita remunyori weTurin King Chinyorwa rinogona kuwanikwa muchikamu chekutanga.
Ndeapi mazita emambo?
Ekare eIjipita King Lists ndiwo mazita emazita ehumambo akanyorwa nevaIjipita vekare mune imwe nzira yekurongeka. Aya mazita aiwanzo kutumirwa naharahara kuitira kuti varatidze kuti ropa ravo ramambo rine makore mangani kuburikidza nekunyora vese maharahara arimo mune isina kuvhunika (dzinza).
Kunyangwe pakutanga iyi ingaite senzira inobatsira kwazvo yekutevera kutonga kwevaya vaharahara vakasiyana, yanga isiri iyo chaiyo nekuti vaIjipita vekare vane mukurumbira wekusiya ruzivo rwavasina kufarira, kana kuwedzeredza ruzivo rwavakanzwa rwuchiita kuti vataridzike .
Izvo zvinonzi izvo zvinyorwa zvaive zvisina kuitirwa kupa ruzivo rwezvakaitika zvakanyanya senge "kunamata madzitateguru". Kana iwe uchirangarira, isu tinoziva vaIjipita vekare vaitenda kuti pharao kwaive kuberekwazve kwaHorus pasi pano uye kwaizozivikanwa naOsiris mushure mekufa.
Nzira iyo vaEgyptologist vaishandisa zvinyorwa zvaive nekuzvienzanisa kune mumwe nemumwe pamwe nedata rakaunganidzwa kuburikidza nedzimwe nzira uyezve kugadzirisa zvakare zvine musoro nhoroondo yezvakanyorwa. Iyo King Lists yatinoziva nezvayo kusvika zvino inosanganisira:
- Royal Chinyorwa cheThutmosis III kubva Karnak
- Rondedzero yeRoyal Sety I kuAbydos
- Dombo rePalermo
- Abydos King Chinyorwa cheRamses II
- Saqqara Tablet kubva paguva raTenroy
- Turin Royal Canon (Turin King Chinyorwa)
- Zvinyorwa pamatombo muWadi Hammamat
Nei iyo Turin King Chinyorwa (Turin Royal Canon) yakakosha kwazvo muEgyptology?
Dzimwe dzese runyorwa dzakanyorwa pane dzakaomeswa nzvimbo dzakaitirwa kugara nguva zhinji yehupenyu, senge guva kana madziro etembere kana pamatombo. Nekudaro, rimwe ramambo mambo raive rakasarudzika: iyo Turin King Rondedzero, inonziwo Turin Royal Canon, iyo yaive yakanyorwa pamapepa muzvinyorwa zve hieratic. Iyo inenge 1.7 metres kureba.
Kusiyana nemamwe rondedzero yemadzimambo, iyo Turin King Rondedzero inoverenga vatongi vese, kusanganisira ivo vadiki nevaya vanofungidzirwa seanotora. Uyezve, inonyora kureba kwekutonga chaizvo.
Iri ramambo runyorwa rinoratidzika kunge rakanyorwa panguva yekutonga kwaRamesses II, mukuru wechi19 wepamba pharao. Iyo ndiyo inonyanya kudzidzisa uye ndeyechokwadi runyorwa uye inodzokera kumashure nzira yese kuna King Menes. Izvo hazvisi chete zvinonyora mazita emadzimambo, sezvakangoita zvimwe zvinyorwa, asi zvinopa imwe data inobatsira se:
- Kureba kwekutonga kwamambo wega wega mumakore, mune dzimwe nguva kunyangwe mumwedzi nemazuva.
- Inonyora mazita emadzimambo akasiiwa kubva mune mamwe mazita emadzimambo.
- Inobatanidza pamwechete madzimambo nenzvimbo pane kuverenga nguva
- Iyo inotonyora mazita evatongi veHyksos eEjipitori
- Inotambanukira kumashure kune imwe nguva isinganzwisisike yenguva apo vanamwari nemadzimambo anozivikanwa vakatonga Egipita.
Pakati peizvi, iyo yekupedzisira poindi chikamu chisina kugadziriswa chinonakidza munhoroondo yeEjipitori. Chikamu chinonyanya kunakidza pamwe nekukakavadzana kweTurin Royal Canon inotaura nezveVamwari, Madhimoni neMweya yeVakafa vakatonga panyama kwezviuru zvemakore.
Iyo Turin King Rondedzero: Vanamwari, Vanamwari uye Midzimu yeVakafa vakatonga kwezviuru zvemakore
Sekureva kwaManetho, "mambo wevanhu" wekutanga weEjipitori, aive Mena kana Menes, muna 4,400 BC (zvakasikwa kuti "vemazuva ano" vakatamisa musi iwoyo kune mamwe mazuva achangopfuura). Mambo uyu akatanga Memfisi, akatsausa nzira yeNairi, uye akamisa basa repatemberi ipapo.
Izvi zvisati zvaitika, Egypt yaive yakatongwa naVamwari uye maDemigod, sezvakataurwa naRA Schwaller de Lubicz, mu "Sacred Science: The King of Pharaonic Theocracy" uko chirevo chinotevera chataurwa:
… Iyo Turin Papyrus, mune rejista inonyora Kutonga kweVamwari, mitsara miviri yekupedzisira yekoramu inopfupikisa: “Venerable Shemsu-Hor, makore 13,420; Anotonga pamberi paShemsu-Hor, makore 23,200; Makore ose 36,620. ”
Zviripachena, iyi inopera mitsara miviri yekoramu, iyo inoita kunge inomiririra tangazve iro gwaro rose inonakidza kwazvo uye inotiyeuchidza nezvayo iyo Sumerian King Chinyorwa.
Nomuzvarirwo, iyo inodisa sainzi yemazuva ano, haigone kubvuma kuvapo kwaMwari uye maDemigod samadzimambo, uye nekudaro inodzinga iwo marongero enguva. Nekudaro, idzi nguva dzakatarwa - "Runyorwa rurefu rweMadzimambo" - vari (zvishoma) vanotaurwa muzvinyorwa zvinoverengeka zvinovimbika kubva kuNhoroondo, kusanganisira mune mamwe maEgist King King.
Iko kusanzwisisika kutonga kweEjipitori kunotsanangurwa naManetho
Kana isu tichizobvumira Manetho, mupirisita mukuru wetembere dzakatukwa dzeEjipitori, kuti azvitaurire iye oga, hatina imwe sarudzo kunze kwekutendeukira kuzvinyorwa izvo zvimedu zvebasa rake zvakachengetedzwa. Chimwe chezvakanyanya kukosha pane izvi chiArmenian vhezheni yeChronica yaEusebius. Inotanga nekutizivisa kuti yakatorwa "kubva muIjipita Nhoroondo yaManetho, uyo akanyora nhoroondo yake mumabhuku matatu. "Aya anobata naVamwari, Vamwari, Midzimu yeVakafa uye nemadzimambo anofa akatonga Egypt."
Achitaura Manetho akananga, Eusebius anotanga nekubvisa runyorwa rwevamwari iro rinosanganisira, zvakanyanya, yeanozivikanwa Ennead weHeliopolis - Ra, Osiris, Isis, Horus, Set, zvichingodaro. Ava ndivo vakatanga kutonga muEjipitori.
“Mushure maizvozvo, humambo hwakapfuura kubva kune mumwe kuenda kune mumwe mukuteedzana kusingaputsike… kusvika pamakore 13,900 1255… Mushure maVamwari, maDemigods akatonga kwemakore 1817; uyezve mumwe mutsara wemadzimambo wakabata masimba kwemakore 1790; kwakauya mamwe madzimambo makumi matatu, akatonga kwemakore 350; uyezve zvakare madzimambo gumi anotonga kwemakore mazana matatu nemakumi matatu. Ipapo kwakatevera hutongi hweMweya yeVakafa… kwemakore mazana mashanu nemakumi masere nematatu… ”
Hwerengedzo yenguva dzese idzi dzinowedzera kusvika pamakore makumi maviri nemana makumi maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu. Kunyanya, Manetho anodzokororwa kunzi akapa huwandu hwakakura hwemakore makumi matatu nemazana matatu nemakumi mashanu neshanu kwehuwandu hwese hwebudiriro yeEjipitori kubva panguva yevaMwari kudzamara kumagumo eimba yechi24,925 (uye yekupedzisira) yemadzimambo anofa.
Chii chakawanikwa nemunyori wenhau dzakaitika wechiGiriki Diodorus Siculus nezve zvakavanzika zveEjipitori?
Tsananguro yaManetho inowana tsigiro yakawanda pakati pevanyori vekare. Muzana ramakore rekutanga BC, wezvenhoroondo wechiGreek Diodorus Siculus akashanyira Egypt. Iye akarondedzerwa nenzira kwayo na CH Oldfather, mushanduri wake achangoburwa, semunyori asingatsoropodzi uyo akashandisa zviwanikwa zvakanaka uye akazviburitsa zvakavimbika.
Mune mamwe mazwi, zvinorevei izvi ndezvokuti Diodorus haana kuedza kumanikidza rusaruro nemafungiro ake pamusoro pezvinhu zvaakatora. Saka akakosha kwazvo kwatiri nekuti vazivi vake vaisanganisira vapirisita vemuIjipita avo vaakabvunza nezvezvakavanzika zvekare zvenyika yavo. Izvi ndizvo zvakaudzwa Diodorus:
"Pakutanga vanamwari nemagamba vakatonga Egipita kwenguva isingasviki makore zviuru zvisere zvisere, wekupedzisira wevamwari kutonga ari Horus, mwanakomana waIsis… Vanyama vanga vari madzimambo enyika yavo, vanodaro, kwemakore asingasviki zviuru zvishanu. ”
Chii chakawanikwa naHerodotus nezvezvakavanzika zvakapfuura zveEjipitori?
Yakareba pamberi paDiodorus, Egypt yakashanyirwa nemumwe uye anonyanya kuzivikanwa wechiGreek nhoroondo: mukuru Herodotus, aigara muzana ramakore rechishanu BC. Iyewo, zvinoita, akabatana nevapristi uye naiyewo akakwanisa kuteedzera kutsika dzaitaura nezvekuvapo kwehukama hwepamusoro muNile Valley pane rimwe zuva risingazivikanwe makarekare.
Herodotus anorondedzera idzi tsika dzeakakura prehistoric nguva yehupenyu hwevaIjipita muBhuku II reNhoroondo yake. Mugwaro rimwe chete iye anotitambidzawo, pasina kutaura, chinhu chinoshamisa cheruzivo icho chakatanga nevapristi veHeliopolis:
"Panguva iyi, vakadaro, pakanga paine nguva apo zuva rakabuda munzvimbo yaainzwa - kukwira ruviri kwaanonyura, uye kaviri kunyura kwaanobuda iye zvino."
Zep Tepi - iyo 'Yekutanga Nguva' muIjipita yekare
VaIjipita vekare vakati nezveKutanga Nguva, Zep Tepi, apo vanamwari pavakatonga munyika yavo: vakati yaive nguva yegoridhe panguva iyo mvura yegomba rakadzika, rima guru rakadzingwa, uye hunhu, huchibuda muchiedza, yakapihwa zvipo zvebudiriro.
Vakataura zvakare nezvevamiririri pakati pevamwari nevarume - iyo Urshu, chikamu chevamwari vadiki vane zita rekuti 'Vatariri'. Uye ivo vakachengetedza zvakanyatso kurangarira zvevamwari pachavo, puissant uye vakanaka zvisikwa zvinonzi maNeteru avo vaigara pasi pano nevanhu uye vaishandisa humambo hwavo kubva kuHeliopolis nedzimwe nzvimbo dzinoyera kumusoro nekudzika nerwizi.
Vamwe vevaNeteru vaive vanhurume uye vamwe vanhukadzi asi vese vaive nemasimba emhando yepamusoro anosanganisira kugona kuoneka, pamadiro, sevarume kana vakadzi, kana semhuka, shiri, zvinokambaira, miti kana zvirimwa. Zvinotoshamisa kuti mazwi avo nezviito zvavo zvinoita sekunge zvairatidza zvishuwo zvevanhu nekufungisisa. Zvimwechetezvo, kunyangwe ivo vakaratidzirwa sevakasimba uye vakangwara kupfuura vanhu, zvaitendwa kuti vanogona kurwara - kana kufa, kana kuurawa - mune mamwe mamiriro.
Chii chatingave takadzidza nezve 'Yekutanga Nguva' dai iyo Turin Canon Papyrus yakaramba yakamira?
Zvimedu zvakasara zvinonakidza. Mune rimwe rejista, semuenzaniso, tinoverenga mazita gumi eNeteru ane zita roga roga rakanyorwa mukatuni (yakakomberedzwa yakavharirwa) mune yakafanana maitiro akagamuchirwa munguva dzekupedzisira dzemadzimambo enhoroondo eEjipitori. Iyo makore emakore iyo yega yega Neter yaifungidzirwa kuve akatonga yakapihwawo, asi mazhinji eaya manhamba akashaikwa kubva mugwaro rakakuvadzwa.
Mune imwe chikamu mune runyorwa rwemadzimambo anofa akatonga kumusoro nekudzika Egypt mushure meVamwari asi pamberi pekufungidzirwa kubatana kwehumambo pasi peMenes, wekutanga pharao wekutanga Dzinza, muna 3100 BC.
Kubva kuzvimedu zvakasara zvinokwanisika kuratidza kuti 'madzinza' mapfumbamwe eaya pre-dynastic maharahara akataurwa, pakati pawo aive 'maVerables eMemphis', 'maVerable ekuchamhembe' uye, pakupedzisira, Shemsu Hor (Shamwari , kana Vateveri, vaHorus) vakatonga kusvika panguva yeMenes.
Mumwe mambo rondedzero inobata nezve prehistoric nguva uye ane mukurumbira madzimambo eEgypt ndiyo Palermo Dombo. Kunyangwe zvisingatitorere isu kure kumashure kune zvakapfuura seTurin Canon Papyrus, inopa izvo zvakadzama zvinoisa nhoroondo yedu yakajairwa mubvunzo.
Mashoko ekupedzisira
Semazuva ese, mambo anonyora akasiya zvakawanda zvekupokana, uye iyo Turin King Rondedzero haina kudaro. Zvakadaro, kusvika parizvino ndicho chimwe chezvikamu zvinonyanya kubatsira zvemafarao ekare eEgipita nekutonga kwavo.
Unoda zvimwe zvakadzama ruzivo nezveTurin King Chinyorwa? Tarisa izvi peji panze.
