Nhoroondo Pfupi yePasi: Iyo Geological Nguva Chikero - Eons, Eras, Nguva, Epochs Uye Mazera

Nyika inofungidzirwa kunge ingangoita 4.54 bhiriyoni (4,540 miriyoni) yemakore, uye nhoroondo yaro inogona kukamurwa kuita dzakasiyana geological nguva nguva zvichienderana nezviitiko zvakakosha sekutsakatika kukuru, kuumbwa kwemakondinendi, uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze. Chikamu ichi chinozivikanwa se geological time scale, chinopa hurongwa hwekunzwisisa zvakapfuura zvePasi uye kufanotaura ramangwana rayo.

Nhoroondo pfupi yePasi: The geological time scale - eons, eras, nguva, epochs uye makore 1 — Mhedziso yechiyero chenguva, icho chinosanganisira eonothems, erathems, nguva, uye epochs. Wikimedia Commons

Mukati -

I. A. Eonothems kana eons

II 1. Hadhean Eon

I.II 2. The Archean Eon

I.II.I. 2.1. Eoarchean Era: Kubva 4 kusvika 3.6 bhiriyoni makore apfuura

I.II.II. 2.2. Paleoarchean Era: Kubva 3.6 kusvika 3.2 bhiriyoni makore apfuura.

I.II.III. 2.3. Mesoarchean Era: Kubva 3.2 kusvika 2.8 bhiriyoni makore apfuura

I.II.IV. 2.4. Neoarchean Era: Kubva 2.8 kusvika 2.5 bhiriyoni makore apfuura

I.III. 3. The Proterozoic Eon

I.III.I. 3.1. Paleoproterozoic Era: Kubva 2.5 kusvika 1.6 bhiriyoni makore apfuura

I.III.II. 3.2. Mesoproterozoic Era: Kubva 1.6 kusvika 1 bhiriyoni makore apfuura

I.III.III. 3.3. Neoproterozoic Era: Kubva 1 bhiriyoni kusvika 538.8 miriyoni makore apfuura

I.IV. 4. The Phanerozoic Eon

I.IV.I. 4.1. Nguva yePaleozoic

I.IV.II. 4.2. Nguva yeMesozoic

I.IV.III. 4.3. Iyo Cenozoic Era

II. B. Nguva, nguva nemazera

II.I. Nguva dzePaleozoic Era

II.II. Nguva muMesozoic Era

II.III. Nguva muCenozoic Era

II.IV. Iyo Pleistocene uye Holocene Epochs

III. Mashoko ekupedzisira

A. Eonothems kana eons

Nhoroondo pfupi yePasi: The geological time scale - eons, eras, nguva, epochs uye makore 2 — Geologic timeline scale illustration. Chirongwa chenhoroondo yenyika chine epoch, era, nhambo, eon uye dhayagiramu yekutsakatika kukuru. iStock

Chikamu chikuru cheiyo geological time scale ndiyo Eonothem, iyo yakakamurwazve kuita eons ina: 1) The Hadean, 2) Archean, 3) Proterozoic, uye 4) Phanerozoic. Zvino eon yega yega inokamurwa kuita eras (erathem).

1. Hadhean Eon

Nhoroondo pfupi yePasi: The geological time scale - eons, eras, nguva, epochs uye makore 3 — Kuruboshwe: Mufananidzo weanofungidzira wepasi Theia achibonderana nePasi Pekutanga. Kurudyi: Mufananidzo wenyanzvi wePasi neMwedzi wakananga pakati/kumagumo kweHadean eon. Wikimedia Commons

Iyo Hadean eon, iyo yakagara kubva pakuumbwa kwePasi kusvika kumakore 4.6 bhiriyoni apfuura, inoonekwa se "nguva yerima" nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehumbowo hwakakura hwe geological kubva panguva ino. Zvinotendwa kuti panguva yeHadean eon, Nyika yaiwanzo dhumhana nedzimwe mitumbi yedenga, zvichikonzera kunyanyisa kwekuputika kwemakomo uye kuumbwa kweMwedzi.

2. The Archean Eon

Nhoroondo pfupi yePasi: The geological time scale - eons, eras, nguva, epochs uye makore 4 — Maonero enyanzvi yeArchean landscape. Wikimedia Commons

Iyo Archean eon yakatevera Hadean uye yakagara kubva pamabhiriyoni mana kusvika ku4 bhiriyoni makore apfuura. Munguva iyi, Pasi raive geologically kushanda, nekuputika kwakanyanya kwegomo, kuumbwa kwemakondinendi ekutanga, uye kubuda kwehupenyu hwekare. Matombo ekare-anozivikanwa, emakore 2.5 bhiriyoni apfuura, anowanikwa kuWestern Greenland uye anoratidza kuvepo kwehutachiona husina kujeka hunodaidzwa kuti stromatolites, hwaive humbowo hwekutanga hwehupenyu paNyika.

Iyo Archean Eon yakakamurwa kuita mana eras:

2.1. Eoarchean Era: Kubva 4 kusvika 3.6 bhiriyoni makore apfuura

Munguva iyi, Nyika yakanga ichiri mumatanho ekutanga ekuumbwa uye zviitiko zvakakosha zve geological uye biological zvaiitika. Iyo Eoarchean inoratidzwa nekuumbwa kwematombo ekare anozivikanwa pasi pano, kusanganisira Acasta Gneiss muCanada uye Isua Greenstone Belt muGreenland. Matombo aya anopa nzwisiso yakakosha mumaitiro ekutanga akaumba denga rePasi. Iyo Eoarchean yakaonawo kubuda kwemhando dzehupenyu hwepakutanga, kunyangwe dzaive dzakapfava uye hutachiona muzvisikwa. Pakazere, Eoarchean inocherekedza nguva yakaoma munhoroondo yePasi sezvo ichiisa nhanho yekuvandudzwa kwehupenyu uye kuumbwa kwezvimwe zvakaomarara zve geological features.

2.2. Paleoarchean Era: Kubva 3.6 kusvika 3.2 bhiriyoni makore apfuura.

Munguva iyi, nyika dzePasi dzakanga dzichiri mumatanho ekutanga ekuumbwa, uye mhepo yakanga isina oxygen. Hupenyu Panyika hwainyanya kuumbwa nemabhakitiriya ari nyore uye tupukanana. Paleoarchean inoonekwa nekuumbwa kwemamwe matombo ekare uye zvicherwa paPasi, kusanganisira Barberton Greenstone Belt muSouth Africa. Nguva ino inopa ruzivo rwakakosha mukukura kwekutanga uye shanduko yepasi redu.

2.3. Mesoarchean Era: Kubva 3.2 kusvika 2.8 bhiriyoni makore apfuura

Munguva iyi, goko rePasi rakanga richiri kuumba uye richiita zvakakosha tectonic chiitiko. Makondinendi ekutanga akatanga kubuda, uye zvipenyu zvechinyakare zvakaita semabhakitiriya nearchaea zvakaonekwa mumakungwa. Iyo inoratidzirwa nekupisa kwayo uye kunyorova kwemamiriro ekunze, pamwe nekuvapo kwechiitiko chekuputika kwemakomo uye kuumbwa kwemamwe matombo ekare ePasi.

2.4. Neoarchean Era: Kubva 2.8 kusvika 2.5 bhiriyoni makore apfuura

Munguva iyi, makondinendi akatanga kugadzikana, achigadzira nyika yakakura. Iyo Neoarchean yakaonawo shanduko yemhando dzehupenyu dzakaoma, kusanganisira kubuda kwezvipenyu zvakawanda. Pamusoro pezvo, mhepo yakadzika yakatanga kuve neyakakura yeokisijeni, ichigadzira nzira yekuvandudzwa kwezvipenyu zveaerobic. Zvese mune zvese, iyo Neoarchean inocherekedza nguva yakakosha munhoroondo yePasi, ichiisa nhanho yezvinoitika mune ramangwana mune geology yepasi uye biology.

3. The Proterozoic Eon

Kubva kuruboshwe kuenda kurudyi: Zviitiko zvina zvikuru zveProterozoic: Chiitiko cheGreat Oxidation uye chinotevera Huronian glaciation; Kutanga eukaryotes, kufanana nealgae tsvuku; Snowball Earth munguva yeCryogenian; Ediacaran biota. Wikimedia Commons

Iyo Proterozoic eon, iyo yakagara kubva ku2.5 bhiriyoni kusvika ku541 miriyoni makore apfuura, inoratidzwa nekuenderera mberi kwekuchinja kwemhando yehupenyu, kusanganisira kubuda kwezvimwe zvipenyu zvakaomarara senge algae uye yekutanga zvisikwa zvakawanda. Iyi nguva yakaonawo kuumbwa kwemakondinendi makuru, akadai seRodinia, uye kuonekwa kweokisijeni mumhepo nekuda kwekushanda kweokisijeni-inogadzira photosynthetic organisms.

Iyo Proterozoic Eon yakakamurwa kuita matatu eras:

3.1. Paleoproterozoic Era: Kubva 2.5 kusvika 1.6 bhiriyoni makore apfuura

Munguva iyi, Pasi rakaona shanduko dzakakosha dze geological uye biological. Iyo supercontinent Columbia yakatanga kuparara, zvichiita kuti pave nemakondinendi matsva nemakungwa. Mhepo yakavewo neshanduko huru, nekuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo ine oxygen-yakawanda inotsigira maitiro ehupenyu akaoma. Iyo fossil rekodhi kubva panguva ino inopa ruzivo rwakakosha mukushanduka kwekutanga kwehupenyu, kusanganisira kubuda kwe photosynthetic zvipenyu uye yekutanga multicellular organisms. Pakazere, iyo Paleoproterozoic yaive nguva yakaoma munhoroondo yePasi, ichigadzira nhanho yekuzotevera kusiyanisa kwehupenyu munguva dzinotevera.

3.2. Mesoproterozoic Era: Kubva 1.6 kusvika 1 bhiriyoni makore apfuura

Nguva ino inoratidzwa nezviitiko zvakakosha zve geological uye biological, zvinosanganisira kuumbwa kweakakosha makurukondinendi seColumbia, yakakura glaciation, uye kusiyanisa kwekutanga eukaryotic organisms. Nguva iyi inoonekwa senguva yakakosha munhorondo yePasi sezvo yakagadzira danho rekuvandudzwa kwemhando dzehupenyu dzakaoma munguva dzinotevera.

3.3. Neoproterozoic Era: Kubva 1 bhiriyoni kusvika 538.8 miriyoni makore apfuura

Izvi zvakakosha kuti Hadean, Archean uye Proterozoic, aya matatu eon ari pamwe chete anonzi Precambrian Era. Iyi ndiyo nguva yekutanga uye yakareba, kubva pakuumbwa kwePasi makore anosvika mabhiriyoni 4.6 apfuura kusvika pakutanga kwePaleozoic Era (nemamwe mazwi, kusvika pakutanga kwePhanerozoic eon).

4. The Phanerozoic Eon

Nhoroondo pfupi yePasi: The geological time scale - eons, eras, nguva, epochs uye makore 5 — Trilobites kubva pakutanga Phanerozoic Eon. Trilobites inoumba rimwe remapoka ekutanga anozivikanwa eArthropods. Wikimedia Commons

Iyo Phanerozoic Eon yakatanga makore angangoita 541 miriyoni apfuura uye inoenderera nanhasi. Yakakamurwa kuva eras matatu: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, uye Cenozoic.

4.1. Nguva yePaleozoic

Iyo Paleozoic Era, iyo yakatora makore 541 kusvika 252 miriyoni apfuura, inozivikanwa nekukasira kusiyanisa mafomu ehupenyu, kusanganisira kusimuka kwemhuka dzemugungwa, kuumbwa kwevhu nezvirimwa, uye kutaridzika kwezvipembenene nezvinokambaira zvekutanga. Inosanganisirawo chiitiko chakakurumbira chekutsakatika kwePermian-Triassic, icho chakatsvaira chingangoita 90% yemarudzi ese emugungwa uye 70% yezvisikwa zvepasi.

4.2. Nguva yeMesozoic

Nguva yeMesozoic, inowanzonzi "Zera reDinosaurs," yakatangira kubva ku252 kusvika kumamiriyoni 66 emakore apfuura. Nguva iyi yakaona hutongi hwemadinosaur panyika, pamwe nekubuda nekushanduka-shanduka kwemamwe mapoka mazhinji ezvipenyu, zvinosanganisira mhuka dzinoyamwisa, shiri, nezvinomera maruva. Iyo Mesozoic inosanganisirawo chimwe chiitiko chikuru chekutsakatika, kuparara kweCretaceous-Paleogene, izvo zvakakonzera kuparara kweasiri-avian dinosaurs uye kusimuka kwemhuka dzinoyamwisa sedzo huru dzepasi.

4.3. Iyo Cenozoic Era

Iyo Cenozoic Era yakatanga makore 66 miriyoni apfuura uye inoenderera kusvika nhasi. Inoratidzwa nekusiyana-siyana uye kutonga kwemhuka dzinoyamwisa, kusanganisira kubuda kwemhuka huru dzakaita senzou nemawhale. Kushanduka kwevanhu kunosanganisirwawo munguva ino, nekuonekwa uye kukura kweHomo sapiens kunoitika makore 300,000 chete apfuura.

B. Nguva, nguva nemazera

Phanerozoic Eon — Fauna uye maruva kubva kune imwe neimwe yenguva gumi nembiri dzePhanerozoic. Kubva kumusoro kuruboshwe: Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene, uye Quaternary marudzi. Wikimedia Commons

Kuti uwedzere kupatsanura geological time scale, imwe neimwe Phanerozoic Era inobva yakamurwa kuita nguva (masystem), ayo anozopatsanurwa kuita epochs (series), uyezve muzera (matanho).

Nguva dzePaleozoic Era

Iyo Paleozoic Era, iyo inotanga kutenderera 541 miriyoni makore apfuura uye inogara kusvika 252 miriyoni makore apfuura, inowanzonzi "Zera reInvertebrates" uye ine inotevera nguva:

Nguva yeCambrian: Inozivikanwa ne "Cambrian Explosion," iyo yakaona kukurumidza kusiyana-siyana kwemarudzi ehupenyu, kusanganisira kuonekwa kwekutanga kwemhuka dzakawanda dzefila.
Ordovician Period: Inoratidzwa nekuwanda kwemainvertebrates emugungwa uye yekutanga colonization yevhu nezvirimwa.
Silurian Period: Munguva iyi, hupenyu hwakaramba huchishanduka, nekubuda kwehove dzeshaya dzekutanga.
Devonian Period: Kazhinji inonzi "Zera reHove," nguva ino inopupurira kusiyanisa kwehove uye kuonekwa kwekutanga tetrapods.
Carboniferous Period: Zvinocherechedzwa nekuvandudzwa kwemachakwi makuru uye nekuzotevera kuumbwa kwemarasha deposits.
Nguva yePermian: Iyi nguva inopedza Paleozoic Era uye inoratidzwa nekubuda kwezvinokambaira uye kutaridzika kwekutanga kwemhuka dzinoyamwisa.

Nguva muMesozoic Era

Mesozoic Era, iyo inotangira kubva pamamiriyoni mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu emakore apfuura kusvika 252 miriyoni makore apfuura uye inozivikanwa se "Zera reReptiles," inosanganisira nguva dzinotevera:

Triassic Period: Hupenyu hwakapora zvishoma nezvishoma kubva mukutsakatika kukuru pakupera kwePermian, nekushanduka kwemadinosaur ekutanga nezvinokambaira zvinobhururuka.
Nguva yeJurassic: Iyi nguva ine mukurumbira wekutonga kwemadinosaur, kusanganisira mhuka dzepanyika huru dzakamborarama.
Cretaceous Period: Nguva yekupedzisira uye yekupedzisira yeMesozoic Era inoratidzwa nekuonekwa kwemiti inotumbuka, kusiyanisa kwemadinosaur, uye chiitiko chekutsakatika kwekupedzisira kwakatsvaira dinosaurs asiri avian.

Nguva muCenozoic Era

Sezvambotaurwa, iyi ndiyo nhambo yazvino uno, inovambira pamamirioni 66 apfuura kusvikira kuzuva razvino uno, inowanzonzi “Zera Rezvinoyamwisa.” Yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvinotevera:

Paleogene Period: Iyi nguva inosanganisira Paleocene, Eocene, uye Oligocene epochs, panguva iyo mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakasiyana-siyana uye dzakashanduka kuita zvakasiyana-siyana.
Neogene Period: Iyi nguva inosanganisira maMiocene nePliocene epochs uye inoratidzirwa nekusimuka kwemhuka dzemazuva ano uye kubuda kwekutanga hominids.
Quaternary Period: Iyo nguva yazvino, inoumbwa nePleistocene epoch, inoratidzwa nezera rechando uye kutaridzika kweHomo sapiens, uye inoenderera Holocene epoch, panguva iyo budiriro yemunhu.

Nguva yega yega pasi penguva mukati mePhanerozoic Eon inozopatsanurwa kuita zvikamu zvidiki zvenguva zvinonzi epochs. Semuenzaniso, mukati meCenozoic Era, epochs dzinosanganisira iyo Paleocene, Ecoene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, uye Holocene. Naizvozvo, nguva yeQuaternary, inova yeCenozoic Era (uye Phanerozoic Eon), inoumbwa nenguva mbiri: Pleistocene uye Holocene.

Iyo Pleistocene uye Holocene Epochs

Iyo Pleistocene Epoch uye Holocene Epoch inguva mbiri dzakatevedzana munhoroondo yePasi.

Iyo Pleistocene Epoch yakatora makore angangoita 2.6 miriyoni apfuura kusvika kumakore 11,700 apfuura. Iyo inoratidzirwa nekudzokororwa kwechando, uko nzvimbo huru dzenyika dzakafukidzwa neaizi uye mazaya echando. Aya mazaya echando akaita kuti gungwa rideredze zvakanyanya uye rakagadzira kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, zvichiita kuti kutsakatika kwemarudzi akawanda uye kushanduka kwezvitsva. Inocherekedza megafauna, senge mammoths uye saber-toothed katsi, yakatenderera Pasi panguva iyi. Iyo Pleistocene Epoch inozivikanwa zvakare seIce Age, sezvo yairatidzwa nekutonhora kweavhareji tembiricha yepasirese kana ichienzaniswa nanhasi.

Iyo Holocene Epoch yakatanga mushure menguva yekupedzisira yechando, zvichiratidza shanduko kune inodziya, yakagadzikana mamiriro ekunze. Zvakatanga makore 11,700 XNUMX apfuura uye zvichiri kuenderera mberi nanhasi. Holocene inoratidzwa nekudzokera shure kwemazaya echando, kukwira kwemazinga egungwa, uye kuumbwa kwezvipenyu zvemazuva ano. Iyi nguva inosanganisira kusimuka kwebudiriro yevanhu, kusanganisira kuvandudzwa kwekurima uye kuuya kwenhoroondo yakanyorwa.

Pakazere, Pleistocene Epoch yaive nguva yekuchinja kwakakosha kwezvakatipoteredza uye kubuda kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, nepo Holocene Epoch inomiririra nguva yakagadzikana ine hutongi hweHomo sapiens uye shanduko inoitwa nevanhu kune zvakatipoteredza.

Iyo Pleistocene Epoch yakakamurwa zvakare kuita Gelasian, Calabrian, Chibanian uye Tarantian/Late Pleistocene Ages. Nepo Holocene Epoch yakakamurwa kuita Greenlandian, Northgrippian uye Meghalayan (nguva yazvino) Mazera.

Nhoroondo pfupi yePasi: The geological time scale - eons, eras, nguva, epochs uye makore 6 — The geological time scale. Wikimedia Commons

Zvakakodzera kutaurwa kuti Phanerozoic Eon ndiyo inonyanya kudzidzwa nguva chikamu chenhoroondo yePasi musainzi, zvichiita kuti Paleozoic, Mesozoic uye Cenozoic ive nguva dzakakosha kupfuura dzese.

Mashoko ekupedzisira

Iyo geological nguva chiyero inogara ichinatswa uye nekugadziridzwa sezvo humbowo hutsva hunowanikwa nekudzidzwa. Kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji uye kugona kunyatso date matombo nemafossils zvakabatsira pakunzwisisa kwedu nhoroondo yePasi. Nekudzidza nezve geological time scale, masayendisiti anogona kuwana ruzivo rwakakura rwemaitiro uye zviitiko zvakaumba pasi redu uye kufanotaura nezveramangwana rayo.

Cherechedzo: Kuchengeta chinyorwa chiri nyore, chipfupi uye chinonzwisisika hatina kunyora nezvese chikamu cheiyo geological time scale. Kana iwe uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezve geological timelines, verenga izvi Wikipedia peji.