Ebers Papyrus chinyorwa chekurapa kubva kuEjipitori yekare iyo inopa anopfuura 842 ekurapa kwezvirwere netsaona. Yakatarisa pamoyo, kufema, uye chirwere cheshuga kunyanya.
Iyo Papyrus ingangoita makumi matanhatu nemasere (68 metres) kureba uye 21 inches (12 masentimita) yakafara. Parizvino inochengeterwa muLeipzig's University Library kuGerman. Yakakamurwa kuita mitsara makumi maviri nembiri. Yakatumidzwa zita remukurumbira wekuEgyptologist Georg Ebers uye inofungidzirwa kuti yakasikwa pakati pa30 na22 BC panguva yekutonga kwamambo weEjipitori Amenopis I.
Ebers Papyrus inoonekwa seimwe yezvinyorwa zvekare zveEgypt zvekurapa. Inopa ratidziro yakajeka mumushonga wekare weEjipitori uye inoratidza kusangana kwesainzi (inozivikanwa senzira yekufunga) uye mashiripiti-echitendero (anozivikanwa senzira isina musoro). Yakaongororwa zvakawandisa ikashandurwazve kanokwana kuita zvishanu, uye inozivikanwa nekupa nzwisiso yakati wandei munyika yetsika dzekare dzeEjipitori pakati pezana ramakore rechi14 nerechigumi nematanhatu BC.
Kunyangwe iyo Ebers Papyrus iine hupfumi ruzivo rwekurapa, kune hushoma hushoma humbowo hwekuti yakawanikwa sei. Yaizivikanwa pakutanga seAsasif Medical Papyrus yeThebes isati yatengwa naGeorg Ebers. Izvo zvinongonakidza kudzidza kuti zvakauya sei mumawoko eGeog Ebers sezvazviri kudzidza nezvekurapa uye zvekunamata marondedzero aanotaura.
Ngano & nhoroondo yeEbers Papyrus
Sekureva kwengano, Georg Ebers uye mupfumi wake akatsigira Herr Gunther vakapinda mushopu isingawanzo shandiswa inotorwa nemuteresi anonzi Edwin Smith kuLuxor (Thebes) muna 1872. Nharaunda yeEgyptology yakanga yanzwa kuti yakanga yawana nenzira inoshamisa Assasif Medical Papyrus.
Pakasvika Ebers naGunther, vakabvunza nezve zvataurwa naSmith. Pepa rekurapa rakaputirwa nemumayi yerineni rakapihwa kwavari naSmith. Akataura kuti yakawanikwa pakati pemakumbo emamu muTheban necropolis 'El-Assasif District. Pasina imwe nguva, Ebers naGunther vakatenga gwaro rezvokurapa uye muna 1875, vakariburitsa pasi pezita rekuti Facsimile.
Kunyangwe zvichipokana kuti Ebers yekurapa papyrus yaive yechokwadi kana yekunyepedzera kunyepedzera, chokwadi chinosara chekuti Georg Ebers akawana iyo Assasif papyrus ndokutanga kunyora rimwe remanyoro makuru ekurapa munhoroondo yakanyorwa.
Iyo yekurapa nhokwe yakagadzirwa neEbers mune maviri-mavhoriyamu emavara emifananidzo kubereka, akazara neiyo hieroglyphic Chirungu kuenda muchiLatin shanduro. Shanduro yaJoachim yechiGerman yakabuda nguva pfupi yapfuura kuburitswa muna 1890, ichiteverwa neshanduro yaH.
Dzimwe shanduro ina dzeChirungu dzeEbers Papyrus dzakapedzwa: yekutanga naCarl Von Klein muna 1905, yechipiri naCyril P. Byron muna 1930, yechitatu naBendiz Ebbel muna 1937, uye yechina nachiremba uye mudzidzi Paul Ghalioungui. Kopi yaGhaliounguiui ichiri shanduro yemazuvano yakazara kwazvo yenhokwe. Inotorwawo seimwe yezvinyorwa zvakakosha kwazvo paEbers Papyrus.
Kunyangwe paine kuyedza kwakati wandei kwekududzira nenzira kwayo Ebers Papyrus, iyo papyrus inoramba ichinyenyeredza kunyangwe nyanzvi dzeEjipitori. Huwandu hukuru hwekurapa hwakawanikwa kubva pane izvo zvakadudzirwa mumakore mazana maviri apfuura, zvichipa ruzivo rwekugara kwekare kwevaIjipita.
Ebers Papyrus: Tadzidzei?
Sezvambotaurwa, nyika yekurapa yeEjipitori yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri: "nzira dzekufunga," dzaive kurapwa kwakavakirwa pamisimboti yesainzi yazvino, uye "nzira dzisina musoro," dzaisanganisira zvitendero zvemagico-zvechitendero zvinosanganisira mazango, kushopera, uye zvitsinga zvakanyorwa zvichitaurira vekare Vamwari veEgipita. Mushure mezvose, paive nekubatana kwakakosha panguva iyoyo pakati pemashiripiti, chitendero, uye hutano hwekurapa sechiitiko chakazara. Pakanga pasina chinhu chakadai sehutachiona kana hutachiona hutachiona; chete vanamwari hasha.
Kunyangwe iyo Ebers Papyrus yakanyorwa muzana ramakore regumi nematanhatu BC (16-1550 BC), humbowo hwemitauro hunoratidza kuti chinyorwa chakatorwa kubva kumanyuko ekare kutangira ku1536 Dzinza reEjipitori. (Kubva 12 kusvika 1995 BC). Ebers Papyrus yakanyorwa muchirevo chehieratic, chakapfupikiswa chinyorwa che hieroglyphics. Ine 1775 rubriki (chikamu chemusoro) muinki tsvuku, ichiteverwa nemavara matema.
Ebers Papyrus inoumbwa nemakoramu 108 ane nhamba 1-110. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chine mitsara iri pakati pe20 ne22 yezvinyorwa. Chinyorwa chinopedzisa nekarenda inoratidza kuti yakanyorwa munaAmenophis I gore rechipfumbamwe, zvichireva kuti rakagadzirwa muna 1536 BC.
Iyo ine hupfumi hwezivo nezve anatomi uye physiology, toxicology, zvitsinga, uye chirwere cheshuga manejimendi. Pakati pemarapirwo akaisirwa mubhuku aya ndeekurapa zvirwere zvinotakurwa nemhuka, zvinotsamwisa zvirimwa, uye chepfu wemamineral.
Ruzhinji rwenhokwe runotarisa pakurapa kuburikidza nekushandisa zviputi, mafuta ekuzora, uye mimwe mishonga yekurapa. Iine mapeji mazana masere nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri ekurapa uye zvirevo zvinogona kusanganiswa kuita masanganiswa makumi matatu nemasere ezvirwere zvakasiyana siyana. Iko kune, zvisinei, zvishoma kune isina humbowo hwekuti iyi misanganiswa yakaongororwa pamberi pekunyora. Vamwe vanotenda kuti concoctions dzakasimudzirwa nechero kusanganisa kwechinhu nevamwari.
Zvinoenderana nehunyanzvi hwekuchera matongo, nhoroondo, uye humbowo, vanachiremba vekare vekuIjipita vaive neruzivo uye kugona kurapa varwere vavo zvine musoro (kurapwa kunoenderana nesainzi yemazuvano). Zvakangodaro, chishuwo chekubatanidza magico-zvechinyakare tsika dzechinamato (nzira dzisina musoro) inogona kunge yaive tsika inodikanwa. Kana iko kunoshanda kwakatadza, varapi vekare vekurapa vaigona nguva dzose kutendeukira kunzira dzemweya kutsanangura kuti sei kurapa kwanga kusiri kushanda. Mumwe muenzaniso unogona kuwanikwa mushanduro yeyakajairika kutonhora kupora spell:
“Buda kunze, fetid mhino, kuyerera kubuda, mwanakomana wemhino fetid! Buda panze, iwe unotyora mapfupa, pwanya dehenya uye urwarise maburi manomwe emusoro. (Ebers Papyrus, mutsetse 763)
VaIjipita vekare vakanyatsoteerera kumoyo uye nemoyo system. Vaifunga kuti moyo waive mukutungamira kwekutakura nekutakura mvura yemumuviri seropa, misodzi, weti, uye urume. Ebers Papyrus ine chikamu chakakura chakanzi "bhuku remwoyo" iro rinodonongodza kuwedzerwa kweropa uye tsinga dzinobatana kumatunhu ese emuviri wemunhu. Inotaurawo nezvematambudziko epfungwa senge kushushikana uye kuora moyo semhedzisiro yakakosha yekuve nemoyo usina kusimba.
The papyrus inosanganisirawo zvitsauko zvegastritis, kubatwa kwepamuviri, gynecology, kubata pamuviri, zvipembenene, kuoma kwemaziso, kusagadzikana kweganda, kurapwa kwehutachiona hwakaipisisa, uye kuiswa kwepfupa.
Pane imwe ndima yakatsanangurwa mutsananguro yenhokwe yezvimwe zvirwere zvinotendwa nenyanzvi zvakanyanya chirevo chaicho chekuziva chirwere cheshuga. Bendix Ebbell, semuenzaniso, aifunga kuti Rubric 197 yeEbers Papyrus inofanana nezviratidzo zveshuga mellitus. Shanduro yake yenyaya yaEbers iri seinotevera:
“Kana iwe ukaongorora mumwe munhu anorwara (mukati) pakati peari (uye) muviri wake warwara nechirwere pamugumo wawo; kana ukasamuongorora uye ukawana chirwere mu (muviri wake kunze kwenzvimbo yembabvu dzayo idzo nhengo dzakaita sepiritsi unofanira kubva wadzokorora -chipinga- kurwisa chirwere izvi mumba mako; unofanira zvakare kugadzirira iye zviwanikwa zvekurapa: dombo reropa reElephantine, pasi; tsanga tsvuku; carob; kubika mumafuta neuchi; inofanira kudyiwa naye mangwanani-ngwanani mana kudzvinyirira nyota yake uye kurapa chirwere chake chinofa. ”(Ebers Papyrus, Rubric Nha. 197, Chikamu 39, Mutsara 7).
Kunyangwe zvimwe zvikamu kubva kuEbers Papyrus zvakaverengwa senge nhetembo dzisinganzwisisike dzimwe nguva, zvinomiririra kuyedza kwekutanga kuongororwa kwakafanana neakawanikwa mumabhuku ekurapa azvino. Ebers Papyrus, sedzimwe zhinji nhokwe, haifanire kutarisirwa seminamato yedzidziso, asi sekutungamira kunoshanda kunharaunda yekare nevaIjipita. Munguva iyo kusuwa kwevanhu kwaifungidzirwa kuve kwakakonzerwa navanamwari, mabhuku aya aive ekurapa kwezvirwere nekukuvara.
Ebers Papyrus inopa ruzivo rwakakosha muruzivo rwedu rwezvino rwehupenyu hwekare hweEjipitori. Pasina Ebers Papyrus uye zvimwe zvinyorwa, vesaenzi uye vezvakaitika kare vaingove chete nehummies, hunyanzvi, uye makuva ekushanda nawo. Izvi zvinhu zvinogona kubatsira nezvakaitika zvine hungwaru, asi pasina chero zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa kunyika yeshanduro yavo yemushonga, kwaisazove nereferenzi yekutsanangurwa kwenyika yekare yeIjipita. Zvisinei, kuchine kumwe kufungirana pamusoro pepepa.
Iko kusahadzika
Tichifunga nezvekuyedza kuzhinji kwekududzira Ebers Papyrus kubva payakawanikwa, zvagara zvichingofungidzirwa kuti mazhinji emazwi ayo aisanzwisiswa nekuda kwekufungira mushanduri wega wega.
Ebers Papyrus, sekureva kwaRosalie David, mukuru wenzvimbo yeKNH yezvinhu zvipenyu zveEgyptology kuYunivhesiti yeManchester, inogona kunge isingabatsiri. Rosalie akataura mune rake 2008 Lancet bepa iro rekutsvaga Chinyorwa cheEgipita yaive yakavharirwa uye yakaoma sosi nekuda kwechikamu chidiki kwazvo chebasa icho chinofungidzirwa kuti chinogara chiripo mukati memakore zviuru zvitatu zvebudiriro.
David anoenderera mberi achiti vashanduri varipo vakamhanya nenyaya nemutauro uri mumapepa. Iye zvakare anoona kuti kuzivikanwa kwemazwi neshanduro zvinowanikwa mune rimwe gwaro zvinowanzopesana nezvakanyorwa zvakanyorwa mune mamwe magwaro.
Dudziro, mumaonero ake, dzinofanirwa kuramba dzichiongorora uye dzisingapedzerwe. Nekuda kwematambudziko ataurwa naRosalie David, nyanzvi zhinji dzakanangana nekuongorora zvisaririra zvemabhonzo zvevanhu.
Nekudaro, kuongorora kweatomical uye radiological kune mammies eEgypt kwakaratidza humwe humbowo hwekuti varapi vekare vekuEgypt vaive nehunyanzvi hwakanyanya. Iyi bvunzo yakaratidza kugadziriswa kutsemuka uye kudimburwa, zvichiratidza kuti vekare vechiremba vekuIjipita vaive nehunyanzvi pakuvhiya nekugurwa. Zvakave zvakare zvakawanikwa kuti maIjipita ekare aive nehunyanzvi mukugadzira hombe zvigunwe zvekugadzira.
Mummy tishu, bone, bvudzi, uye mazino sampuro akaongororwa achishandisa histology, immunocytochemistry, enzyme-yakabatana immunosorbent assay, uye kuongorora kweDNA. Iyi bvunzo yakabatsirwa mukucherechedzwa kwezvirwere zvakatambudza vanhu vakaomeswa. Humwe hurwere hwakaonekwa mumummy yakafukunurwa hwakarapwa nemishonga yekurapa yakataurwa mumapepa ekurapa, zvichiratidza kuti mimwe, kana isiri yese, yemishonga yakanyorwa muzvinyorwa zvakaita seEbers Papyrus inogona kunge yakabudirira.
Zvinyorwa zvekurapa, zvakadai seEbers Papyrus, zvinopa humbowo hwekwakabva zvinyorwa zvekuEgypt zvekurapa nesainzi. Sekutaura kwaVeronica M. Pagan mune yake World Neurosurgery chinyorwa:
“Iyi mipumburu yakashandiswa kupfuudza ruzivo kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kuchizvarwa, sezvingabvira yaichengetwa panguva yehondo uye yaishandiswa serevo muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kunyangwe nemipumburu iyi isinganzwisisike, zvingangodaro kuti pamusoro peimwe nhanho, ruzivo rwekurapa rwakafambiswa nemazwi kubva kuna tenzi kuenda kumudzidzi ”(Pagan, 2011)
Kuongororwazve kweEbers Papyrus, pamwe nezvimwe zvakawanda zviripo, zvinobatsira vadzidzi kuti vaone kubatana pakati pezvemweya nesainzi mune ruzivo rwekurapa rwekare rwekuIjipita. Inoita kuti munhu abate huwandu hwakawanda hwezivo yesainzi yaizivikanwa munguva yakapfuura uye yakagashirwa kuburikidza nezvizvarwa. Zvingave zvakapusa kufuratira zvakapfuura uye nekutenda kuti zvese zvitsva zvakagadzirwa muzana ramakumi maviri nerimwe, asi izvi zvinogona kunge zvisiri izvo.
Mashoko ekupedzisira
Rosalie David, kune rimwe divi, anokurudzira kutsvagurudza uye haana chokwadi nemapumburu uye kugona kwavo kupora. Zviri nyore kwazvo kune vanhu muzuva ranhasi kusaremekedza kurapwa kwekare. Kufambira mberi kwakaitwa kwakafambira mberi kusvika padanho rekuti iyo zvirwere zvinouraya nematambudziko ari pamucheto wekutsakatika. Idzi gadziridzo, kune rumwe rutivi, dzinoshamiswa chete neavo vanogara muzana ramakumi maviri nerimwe ramakore. Chimbofunga izvo munhu wezana ramakore rechi45 angafunga pamusoro pemaitiro anhasi.
Mushure mezvose, zvichave zvinonakidza kuona kana nzira dzazvino dzekurapa muWestern world dzinozotorwa se:
“Musanganiswa wemishonga netsika nemagariro zvakagadzirirwa kupedza hosha dzaitamba tambo yakasimba pakati pevamwari vavo vanonamata vanamwari vazhinji pamwe nehuMwari husingaonekwe hunozivikanwa se'sainzi. ' Dai chete vanhu ava vaiziva kuti iyo tsinga uye apendikisi ndiyo nhengo dzakakosha kwazvo, vangangodaro vaipfuura neophytes yezana ramakore rechi21. ”
Pfungwa yekuti isu munyika yanhasi tingaone sehupenzi uye nekuzvidza, asi izvo madzibaba edu zvavanoona sezvakaitika kare uye zvekuchera matongo zvinogamuchirwa. Zvichida mamiriro ezvinhu anodikanwa kune iyo vaIjipita vekare mune izvi. Vamwari vekare nemaitiro avo ekuporesa aive chaiwo munyika yavo.
