Tembiricha inodziya muArctic iri kunyorovesa permafrost yedunhu - ivhu rakaomeswa nechando riri pasi penyika - uye rinogona kumutsiridza mavhairasi anga akarara kwemakumi ezviuru zvemakore.
nepo denda rinokonzerwa nechirwere chekare richiita senge firimu resainzi rekunyepedzera, masayendisiti anoyambira kuti njodzi, diki, hadzitarisirwe. Munguva yekunyungudika, tsvina yemakemikari nemwaranzi kubva muCold War inogona kuburitswa, inogona kukuvadza mhuka nekukanganisa magariro.
"Pane zvakawanda zviri kuitika nepermafrost iri kunetsa, uye zvinonyatsoratidza kuti nei zvakakosha kuti tichengetedze yakawanda yechando nechando sezvinobvira," akadaro Kimberley Miner, sainzi wezvemamiriro ekunze kuNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. California Institute of Technology muPasadena, California.
Permafrost inotora chikamu chimwe muzvishanu cheNorthern Hemisphere uye yakagara ichitsigira Arctic tundra uye masango ane boreal eAlaska, Canada, neRussia. Inoita senge nguva, ichichengetedza zvisaririra zvezvisikwa zvakatsakatika zvakakwanisa kuwana nekuongorora mumakore achangopfuura, kusanganisira shumba mbiri dzemapako uye chipembere chine makushe.
Permafrost inzvimbo yakakodzera yekuchengetedza kwete chete nekuti inotonhora; iyo zvakare inzvimbo isina oxygen umo chiedza chisingapindi. Zvisinei, tembiricha yeArctic iripo zvino iri kuwedzera kumhanya zvakapetwa kana kupfuura nyika yose, izvo zvinokanganisa nzvimbo yepamusoro yechando.
Jean-Michel Claverie, purofesa weEmeritus wemishonga uye genomics paAix-Marseille University Chikoro cheMishonga muMarseille, France, akaedza masampula epasi akatorwa kubva kuSiberia permafrost kuti aone kana chero hutachiona hurimo huchiri kutapukira. Ari kutsvaga "mavhairasi ezombie," sezvaanoadaidza, uye awana mamwe.
Muvhimi wehutachiona
Claverie anoongorora imwe mhando yehutachiwana hwaakatanga kuwana muna 2003. Hunozivikanwa semavhairasi makuru, akakura kudarika marudzi akajairika uye anoonekwa nemaikorosikopu, kwete maikorosikopu erekitironi ane simba - izvo zvinovaita muenzaniso wakanaka weizvi. rudzi rwebasa rebhu.
Kuedza kwake kuona mavhairasi akaomeswa nechando mupermafrost kwakafemerwa nechikwata chemasayendisiti ekuRussia avo muna 2012 vakamutsiridza ruva remusango kubva munyama yemhodzi ine makore 30,000 yakawanikwa mugomba retsindi. (Kubva ipapo, masayendisiti akabudirirawo kudzosa mhuka dzekare dzisingaonekwi kuupenyu.)
Muna 2014, akakwanisa kumutsiridza hutachiona iye nechikwata chake vakazviparadzanisa nepermafrost, zvichiita kuti hutapukire kekutanga mumakore 30,000 nekuhupinza mumaseru ane tsika. Kuti achengetedzeke, akasarudza kudzidza nezvehutachiona hunogona kungonanga maamoeba ane sero rimwe chete, kwete mhuka kana vanhu.
Akadzokorora chiitiko ichi muna 2015, achitsaura imwe mhando yehutachiona iyo yakanangana neamoebas. Uye mutsvagiridzo yake yazvino, yakaburitswa Kukadzi 18 mujenari Virus, Claverie nechikwata chake vakatsaura hutachiona hwekare kubva kumasampuli akawanda epermafrost akatorwa kubva kunzvimbo nomwe dzakasiyana mhiri kweSiberia uye vakaratidza kuti imwe neimwe inogona kutapurira masero eamoeba.
Iwo achangoburwa marudzi anomiririra mhuri shanu nyowani dzehutachiona, pamusoro peaya maviri aakange amutsidzira kare. Mukurusa anga ave nemakore anoda kusvika 48,500, zvichibva paradiocarbon dating yevhu, uye yakabva mumuenzaniso wevhu rakatorwa mudhamu repasi pevhu mamita 16 (52 feet) pasi pepamusoro. Mienzaniso midiki pane yese, yakawanikwa mudumbu uye jasi rezvakasara zvemammoth, yaive nemakore 27,000.
Kuti mavhairasi anotapurira amoeba achiri kutapurirana mushure menguva yakareba kudaro zvinoratidza dambudziko rakakura, Claverie akadaro. Anotya kuti vanhu vanotora tsvakiridzo yake sekuda kuziva kwesainzi uye havaone tarisiro yehutachiona hwekare kudzoka kuhupenyu sekutyisidzira kwehutano hweveruzhinji.
"Isu tinoona aya mavhairasi anotapurira amoeba seanomiririra mamwe hutachiona hunogona kunge huri mupermafrost," Claverie akaudza CNN.
"Isu tinoona kuteedzera kweakawanda, mazhinji, mamwe mavhairasi mazhinji," akawedzera. “Saka tinoziva kuti varipo. Hatinyatsozivi kuti vachiri vapenyu. Asi kufunga kwedu ndekwekuti kana mavhairasi eamoeba achiri mapenyu, hapana chikonzero nei mamwe mavhairasi achange achiri mapenyu, uye achikwanisa kutapurira vaanogara.
Muenzaniso wehutachiona hwevanhu
Zvisaririra zvemavhairasi nemabhakitiriya zvinogona kukanganisa vanhu zvakawanikwa zvakachengetwa mupermafrost.
Sampuli yemapapu kubva pamuviri wemukadzi yakaburitswa muna 1997 kubva kupermafrost mumusha uri paSeward Peninsula yeAlaska yaive negenomic zvinhu kubva kuchirwere chefuruwenza chakakonzera denda ra1918. Muna 2012, masayendisiti akasimbisa kuti zvisaririra zvemumwe mukadzi aiva nemakore 300 akavigwa kuSiberia zvaiva nemasiginicha eutachiona hunokonzera chibhokisi.
Denda rechigwadara muSiberia iro rakabata vanhu vakawanda nemhembwe dzinopfuura zviuru zviviri pakati paChikunguru naNyamavhuvhu muna 2,000 rakabatanidzwawo nekunyunguduka kwakadzama kwepermafrost munguva yechirimo chinopisa zvakanyanya, zvichibvumira mbesa dzeBacillus anthracis kuti dzimuke kubva munzvimbo dzakavigwa dzekare. zvitunha zvemhuka.
Birgitta Evengård, purofesa ari kubuda paUmea University's Dhipatimendi reClinical Microbiology kuSweden, akati panofanirwa kuve nekuongororwa kuri nani kwenjodzi inounzwa nehutachiona hunogona kunyunguduka permafrost, asi yambiro pamusoro penzira yekutyisidzira.
"Unofanira kuyeuka kudzivirira kwedu kwekudzivirira muviri kwakagadzirwa pedyo nepedyo nenharaunda," akadaro Evengård, ari chikamu cheCLIF Nordic Center of Excellence, boka rinoongorora mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pakuwanda kwezvirwere zvinotapukira muvanhu uye. mhuka dziri kuchamhembe.
"Kana paine hutachiona hwakavigwa mupermafrost hwatisina kuonana nahwo kwezviuru zvemakore, zvinogona kunge kuti kudzivirira kwedu kwekudzivirira muviri hakuna kukwana," akadaro. "Zvakanaka kuremekedza mamiriro ezvinhu uye kuve nehanya uye kwete kungochinja-chinja. Uye nzira yekurwisa kutya kuve neruzivo. "
Ehe, munyika chaimo, masayendisiti haazive kuti mavhairasi aya anogona kuramba achitapukira kwenguva yakareba sei kana akafumurwa nemamiriro anhasi, kana kuti hutachiona hungaite sei kusangana nemunhu akakodzera. Haasi mavhairasi ese ari utachiona hunogona kukonzera chirwere; mamwe ane unyoro kana kuti anotobetsera kuvagamuchiri vavo. Uye kunyangwe iri musha kune vanhu 3.6 miriyoni, Arctic ichiri nzvimbo ine vanhu vashoma, zvichiita kuti njodzi yekusangana nevanhu kumavhairasi ekare iderere.
Zvakadaro, "ngozi yacho ichawedzera mukudziya kwepasi," akadaro Claverie, "umo kunyungudutswa kwepermafrost kucharamba kuchiwedzera, uye vanhu vazhinji vachazadza muArctic nekuda kwemabasa emaindasitiri."
Uye Claverie haasiye ega mukuyambira kuti dunhu rinogona kuita ivhu rakaorera rechiitiko chespillover - kana hutachiona hwasvetukira mumunhu mutsva hukatanga kupararira.
Gore rakapera, chikwata chemasayendisiti chakaburitsa tsvakiridzo pamusoro pemasampure evhu nedhamu redhamu rakatorwa kubva kuLake Hazen, dziva remvura yakachena muCanada riri mukati meArctic Circle. Ivo vakateedzana iyo genetic zvinhu mu sediment kuti vaone mavhairasi siginicha uye genomes eanogona mauto - zvidyarwa nemhuka - munzvimbo.
Vachishandisa ongororo yemukombuta, vakakurudzira njodzi yekuti mavhairasi ateukire kune mauto matsva aive akakwira kunzvimbo dziri padyo nenzvimbo yakakura yemvura yakanyungudika yaiyerera ichipinda mudhamu - chiitiko chinova chinowanzoitika kana mamiriro ekunze achidziya.
Zvisingazivikanwe mhedzisiro
Kuziva mavhairasi uye dzimwe njodzi dziri mukudziya permafrost ndiyo nhanho yekutanga mukunzwisisa kuti ndeipi njodzi yavanoisa kuArctic, Miner kuNASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory akadaro. Mamwe matambudziko anosanganisira kuverenga kupi, rini, nekukurumidza sei, uye kuti yakadzika sei permafrost ichanyunguduka.
Kunyunguduka kunogona kuita zvishoma nezvishoma semasentimita pamakore gumi asi zvakare kunoitika nekukasira, senge kana iri nyaya yekudonha kwevhu kwakakura kunogona kungoerekana yafumura zvakadzika uye zvekare zvidimbu zvepermafrost. Iyo nzira zvakare inoburitsa methane uye kabhoni dhaikisaidhi mumhepo - isingatarisirwe uye isingatarisirwe mutyairi wekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
Miner akanyora ruzhinji rwenjodzi dzinogona kuitika parizvino muArctic permafrost mubepa ra2021 rakaburitswa mupepanhau resainzi Nature Climate Change.
Ngozi dzingangoitika dzaisanganisira marara akavigwa kubva mukucherwa kwesimbi dzinorema nemakemikari akaita semushonga wezvipembenene weDDT, uyo wakarambidzwa kutanga kwema2000. Radioactive zvinhu zvakakandwawo muArctic - neRussia neUnited States - kubva pakatanga kuedzwa kwenyukireya kuma1950s.
"Abrupt thaw inokurumidza kufumura ekare permafrost horizons, kuburitsa komisheni uye tupukanana twakavharirwa muzvikamu zvakadzika," Miner nevamwe vaongorori vakadaro mubepa ra2021.
Mubepa rekutsvagisa, Miner akanyora kutapukirwa kwakananga kwevanhu nehutachiona hwekare hwakaburitswa kubva mupermafrost se "zvisingaite."
Zvisinei, Miner akati ari kunetseka pamusoro pezvaakadana kuti "Metuserah microorganisms" (yakatumidzwa zita remubhaibheri ane nguva refu yeupenyu). Izvi zvipenyu zvinogona kuunza kusimba kwechinyakare uye chakatsakatika ecosystem muArctic yanhasi, nemhedzisiro isingazivikanwe.
Kubudazve kwezvipembenene zvekare kune mukana wekuchinja kuumbwa kwevhu uye kukura kwezvinomera, zvichida kuwedzera kukurumidza mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, Miner akadaro.
"Hatinyatso kujeka kuti hutachiona uhu huchabatana sei nenharaunda yemazuva ano," akadaro. "Hachisi chiyedzo chandinofunga kuti chero mumwe wedu anoda kumhanya."
Nzira yakanakisa yekuita, Miner akadaro, kuedza kumisa kunyungudika, uye dambudziko remamiriro ekunze, uye kuchengetedza njodzi idzi dzakavharirwa mupermafrost zvakanaka.
