Sezvo isu tichimhanya nemaitiro edu ezuva nezuva, tichigara takatsvaga zvichangoburwa uye hombe muhunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi uye hutsva, zviri nyore kukanganwa zvinoshamisa zvemadzitateguru edu. Mamireniyamu apfuura, kare kare kusati kwasvika simbi, madzitateguru edu ekare akagadzira mamwe maturusi akapinza uye akanyatsojeka achishandisa chinhu chinonakidza - obsidian. Ichi chinhu chitema-jeti chaikosheswa nenzanga dzekare nekuda kwekupinza uye kugara kwenguva refu.
Obsidian yaive yakakosha zvekuti yaitengeswa pakati penzanga dziri kure, uye hondo dzakarwiwa pamusoro payo. Asi, kusiyana nezvimwe zvakawanda zvekare zvigadzirwa, obsidian haina kurasikirwa nekukosha kwayo nekufamba kwenguva. Zvinofadza kufunga kuti ibwe rekare richiri kushandiswa nhasi, uye nyaya yaro inoramba ichitaurwa.
Nhoroondo yezvishandiso zve obsidian
Iko kwekutanga kurekodhwa kushandiswa kweobsidian kunogona kuteverwa kumashure kuKariandusi, Kenya, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzezera reAcheulian, rinotanga kusvika 700,000 BC. Nekudaro, zvinhu zvishoma kubva panguva ino zvakabuda zvine chekuita nenguva yeNeolithic.
Kugadzirwa kwemaobsidian bladelets kuLipari kwakange kwasvika padanho repamusoro rekurongeka mukupera kweNeolithic uye kwakatengeswa mhiri kweSicily, maodzanyemba Po rwizi mupata, uye Croatia. Obsidian bladelets aishandiswa panguva yekuchecheudzwa uye kuchekwa kwerukuvhute rwevachangozvarwa. Zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti Anatolian masosi e obsidian akashandiswa muLevant uye yemazuva ano Iraqi Kurdistan kutanga munenge muna 12,500 BC. Zvisaririra zveObsidian zvakatekeshera kuTell Brak, imwe yenzvimbo dzekutanga dzemadhorobha muMesopotamia, inotangira pakupera kwemireniyamu yechishanu BC.
pashure Zera reMatombo, apo nyika yakatanga kushanduka nekutora ndarira, ndarira, uye simbi yezvombo uye nzanga dzakakwirira, vaAztec havana kutora zvombo zvesimbi nyore nyore. Pakanga pasina chikonzero, sezvo vaive neobsidian mumaoko avo.
MaIndia eMayan anozivikanwa nekushandisa akanyanya kuomesesa obsidian blades kutanga makore 2,500 apfuura. Sezvo obsidian ichizotyoka kusvika paatomu rimwe chete, inonzi ine chinocheka chinopinza zvakapetwa kamazana mashanu pane chinopinza chesimbi, uye pasi pemaikorosikopu yakakwira blade ye obsidian ichiri kuoneka yakatsetseka, nepo chipenga chesimbi chine saha semupendero. .
MaAztec akagadzira sei kana kugadzira maturusi uye zvombo zvakagadzirwa neobsidian?
VaAztec vakanga vasingadiwi kugadzira obsidian; inogona kutengwa nyore nyore. Obsidian imhando yegirazi rinogara riripo rinobuda apo bota, rinobuda mukuputika kwegomo, rinoomesa nekukurumidza, zvichikonzera kushoma kana kusave nekristaro kuumbwa.
Iyo chaiyo mhando yelava inokonzera kuumbwa kwe obsidian inonzi felsic lava. Rudzi urwu rwemarava runoratidzwa nekuwanda kwaro kwezvinhu zvisingaremi zvakaita seokisijeni, potasium, sodium, silicon, uye aluminium. Kuvapo kwe silica mukati me lava kunokonzeresa kuwanda kwe viscosity, izvo zvinozodzora kupararira kwemaatomu mukati me lava.
Ichi chiitiko chekupararira kweatomu chinomisa nhanho yekutanga yekuumbwa kwemamineral crystal, inowanzonzi nucleation. Sezvo bota racho richitonhora nekukurumidza, rinoshanduka kuita obsidian, girazi rinoyevedza uye rinogara richiputika. Iyi nzira imhaka yenguva yekutonhodza inokurumidza, iyo inogadzira girazi remavara asina crystalline chimiro. Chiitiko chemusikirwo ichi chiitiko chinofadza che geological chiitiko chekuputika kwegomo.
Obsidian ine hunhu husingawanzo kuve hwakafanana nemaminerari asi isiri imwe chete muchokwadi, sezvo ichiumba girazi uye kwete chinhu checrystalline. Uhu hunhu hwakasiyana hunoitsaura kubva kune mamwe maminerari, ichimira pachena sechinhu chinotsanangudza. Iyo yakanyanya kukwenenzverwa, inopenya ye pure obsidian imhedzisiro yegirazi remavara, rinoratidza mwenje zvinopenya sezvo nzvimbo yacho ichipenya nekunakidzwa.
Nekudaro, ruvara rweobsidian rwunosiyana sezvo rwuripo mumhando dzakasiyana, ichizviratidza mune akasiyana mavara, mavara, uye maumbirwo zvinoenderana nekuvapo kwetsvina senge iron kana magnesium mukati melava. Izvi zvinogona kuburitsa mimvuri yegirinhi yakasvibira, yebrown, kana nhema, iyo inogona kuita seyakapetwa kana ine mitsetse, ichiwedzera hunyanzvi hwekuita pakutaridzika kweminerari.
Mune zvombo, yakachena obsidian inoratidza kunze kwayo kwakasviba uye kupenya, inoyeuchidza pakati pehusiku uye zvisinganzwisisike kunaka. Izvi zvinowedzera kukwezva kwemamineral uye zvinoita kuti ive dombo rinonakidza rinotsvakwa nevakawanda.
Kushandiswa kwe obsidian kubva prehistoric era kusvika kunguva yemazuva ano
Munguva dzeNeolithic, trepanation - kana kuchera buri mudehenya - kwaifungidzirwa kuva mushonga wezvose kubva kupfari kusvika kumigraines. Inogona kunge yakave nzira yekuvhiyiwa kwechimbichimbi kwemaronda ehondo. Asi pane zviripo achiri fungidziro nezve zvikonzero chaizvo zviri kuseri kwemaitiro asinganzwisisike, zvinozivikanwa ndezvekuti chishandiso chinowanzo shandiswa kuvhiya kwekutanga chakagadzirwa kubva kune chimwe chezvakapinza zvinhu zvinowanikwa mumasikirwo: obsidian.
Obsidian inogona kuburitsa mipendero yekucheka kakawanda kupfuura kunyangwe yakanakisa simbi scalpels. Pamakumi matatu angstroms - chikamu chechiyero chakaenzana nezana remamiriyoni esentimita - obsidian scalpel inogona kukwikwidza dhaimondi mukunaka kwemucheto wayo.
Kana iwe uchifunga kuti mazhinji emba reza blade ane 300 kusvika 600 angstroms, obsidian inogona kuramba ichicheka neyakapinza zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nanotechnology. Kunyange nanhasi, nhamba shoma yevavhiyi vari kushandisa iyi tekinoroji yechinyakare (kunyangwe US FDA haisati yabvumidza kushandiswa kwemaobsidian blades mukuvhiya vanhu nekuda kwehunhu hwavo husina kusimba uye nenjodzi huru yekutyoka kana zvichienzaniswa neyechinyakare simbi scalpel blades) kuita zvicherwa zvavanoti pora nazvo. mavanga mashoma.
Mune mamwe mazwi, obsidian mapanga akapinza zvekuti anocheka pane cellular level. Nekuda kweizvi, kana ichishandiswa munharaunda yekurapa, machekwa akaitwa neblade anopora nekukurumidza nekuderera kushoma. Uye zvinonyanya kukosha, vanogara vakapinza kunyangwe mushure mekuvigwa muvhu kwezviuru zvemakore. Kushandiswa kwaro kunoshamisa kunotiyeuchidza kuti nzira dzekare dzeumhizha dzichine nzvimbo munyika yedu yemazuva ano.
Ko obsidian ingave yakatsetseka uye yakapinza sei kupfuura simbi yakakwenenzverwa?
Simbi inenge inogara ichiumbwa nemakristasi akawanda akasiyana (microscopic grains), pane imwe hombe. Kana simbi inotyoka, inowanzotyoka pamwe chete nekubatana kusina kuenzana pakati pemakristasi akasiyana. Obsidian ine inenge isina makristasi akakura zvakakwana kukanganisa zvinhu zvekutsemuka uye ndosaka ichityoka zvakanaka uye zvine simba. Nemhaka yokuti obsidian inoshaya makristasi, haiputsi pamwe chete nemitsetse yekushaya simba mune zvinyorwa, inongoputsika pamwe chete nemitsetse yekushungurudzika kwakakonzera kuputsika.
Ichi zvakare chikonzero nei obsidian uye zvakafanana zvinhu zvichiratidza conchoidal fractures. Paunotarisa chimiro cheimwe yakatyoka obsidian, uri kutarisa chimiro cheshockwave chakaitsemura. Paunotarisa chimiro cheimwe simbi yakatsemuka, unenge uchitarisa chikamu chechimiro cheshockwave chakaipwanya, asi kunyanya pamitsetse yekushaya simba pakati pekusakwana kwesimbi uye majoini pakati pemakristasi ayo.
Kana zvichikwanisika kurodza simbi zvine hunyoro kuti isakonzere kutsemuka, simba diki diki rinokwana kugogodza makristasi asina kutsigirwa kubva panzvimbo. Kana iwe ukarodza simbi kuitira kuti mupendero wayo uve mutete kupfuura saizi yekristaro, saka hapana zvakawanda zvakabata makristasi emupendero panzvimbo sezvo anenge asisakiyirwe. Naizvozvo, hazvingambofi zvakagoneka.
mhedziso
Sezvo isu tichifunga nezve kusimba kunoshamisa uye kupinza kweobsidian, isu tinosara tichishamisika nekugara nhaka kwemadzitateguru edu ekare. Kubva kumaIndia eMayan kusvika kuStone Age vavhimi mapfumo, hungwaru hunoshamisa uye hutsva hwemadzitateguru edu hunoonekwa mukushandiswa kwechishandiso chinoshamisa uye chinoshanda chakadaro.
Nhasi, isu tinoramba tichivimba neobsidian sechinhu chakakosha sosi, tichishamisika nekugona kwayo kuchengetedza mupendero wekucheka wakanyanya kukwirira kunyange kumberi kwesimbi. Apo patinokudza huchenjeri hweavo vakatitangira, tinoyeuchidzwawo nezvekukosha kwekutarira kune zvakapfuura kuti tiwane nhungamiro, kurudziro, nezvishandiso zvatinoda kuumba ramangwana riri nani.
