Fungidzira uchiwana nzira yakavanzika yakavanzwa pasi peimwe yekare uye isinganzwisisike nzvimbo dzekuchera matongo munyika. Zvakanaka, ndizvo chaizvo zvakaitika muguta reMexico reTeotihuacán. Kuwanikwa kwenzira dzepachivande kwakaunza mafaro matsva uye kushushikana kunzvimbo yaitove inonakidza.
Teotihuacán inoonekwa seimwe yeakanyanya kukosha pre-Columbian Mesoamerican maguta, anotangira ku400 BCE. Nemapiramidhi ayo marefu, mifananidzo yakaoma kunzwisisa, uye zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana-siyana, Teotihuacán yagara ichitora fungidziro yevanyori vezvakaitika kare uye vafambi zvakafanana. Uye ipapo, nekuwanikwa kweakavanzika tunnel, saiti mystique yakawedzera kudzika. Saka ndezvipi zvakavanzika zvingave nematairi aya? Ndiani akazvivaka, uye nei zvakachengetwa zvakavanzwa kwenguva yakareba kudaro? Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora kuwanikwa kunonakidza kwematanho akavanzika paTeotihuacán uye zvakavanzika zviri mukati.
Guta rekare reTeotihuacán
Guta rekare reTeotihuacán, rainzi “nzvimbo yokugara vanamwari” mumutauro wekare wechiNahuatl, raimbova musimboti weumambo. Vanhu vangangosvika mazana maviri ezviuru vanofungidzirwa kuti vakagarako pakati pe200,000 ne100 AD, kudzamara vagari vayo vakaisimudza zvisinganzwisisike. Guta rakaramba riripo, asi zvakawanda hazvizivikanwe nezvevanhu varo, kuti hupenyu hwakafamba sei imomo uye ndiani aive pachigaro chemasimba. Uyewo hazvizivikanwi ndezvokuti simba raipfuudzwa nedzinza ramambo here kana kuti mutongi wacho aiva ishe.
Nekuda kwekunyorova uye madhaka munzvimbo iyi, macherwa mashoma akaedzwa panzvimbo iyi. Vanhu vokuSpain vakaita kudaro muzana remakore rechi17, asi hapana kufambira mberi chaikoiko kwakaitwa kutozosvikira muzana ramakore rechi20.
Nzira dzepachivande dzepasi pevhu dzakawanikwa muTeotihuacán
Vatsvakurudzi vakawana nzira nhatu huru dzetunnel muTeotihuacán, imwe pasi pePiramidhi yeZuva, imwe pasi pePiramidhi yeMwedzi, uye imwe pasi pePiramidhi Yenyoka Yenyuchi (Tembere yeQuetzacoátl); yekupedzisira inonakidza zvechokwadi:
Tunnels pasi pePiramidhi yeZuva
Muna 1959, nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo Rene Millon neboka rake revatsvakurudzi vaiva mamwe emapoka ekutanga evanochera matongo kuti vadzidze tunnel system pasi pePiramidhi yeZuva - piramidhi hombe muMesoamerica. Nepo mamwe ematanho aya akaitwa mushure mekudonha kweTeotihuacan nemaAztec, vakazobatana nematanho nemapako akaitwa munguva dzebudiriro idzi.
Ongororo yakatungamirwa naMillon yakaratidza kuti mazhinji ematanho makuru akavharwa, uye kuti izvi zvaive nechinangwa here kana kuti kwete zviri mukududzirwa. Migero yaiva pasi pepiramidhi yainhonga zvimedu zvehari, zviyo, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nounyanzvi kubva kune dzimwe tsika zvairatidza uchapupu kune imwe nzvimbo muTeotihuacán.
Millon nechikwata chake vakazopedzisa kubva mukutsvagisa nekuedza kwavo kwekuchera kuti piramidhi rakange rakavakwa nguva nenguva nevanhu muTeotihuacán, kana kuti piramidhi rose rakavakwa panguva imwe chete nenheyo uye bako. zvakasiyana munguva yapfuura. Kupatsanurwa kwenguva dzenguva kunokonzerwa netsika dzakasiyana dzine pesvedzero yekuratidzira muzvigadzirwa zvinowanikwa mumatanho ari pasi pepiramidhi.
Muna 1971, nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo Ernesto Taboada akawana mukova wegomba rakadzika mamita manomwe pazasi pemanera makuru ePyramid of the Sun. Mapako nematanho ari pasi pepiramidhi akaongororwa nevanochera matongo vakasiyana-siyana vese vakagumisa kuti mapako aya aive matsvene kune avo muTeotihuacan nenzira imwechete iyo mapako aive akakosha mutsika-muMesoamerica.
Zvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinonongedza dzidziso dzakasiyana dzekududzira kuti sei Pyramid yeZuva yakavakwa uye izvo zvirongwa zvebako pasi payo zvinorevei chaizvo maererano nevanhu veTeotihuacán uye tsika. Vamwe vanodavira kuti mugero wacho waishandiswa pamitambo yechitendero, nepo vamwe vanofunga kuti yaiva nzira yokutiza nayo vatongi veguta racho.
Chakavanzika kamuri uye mugero uri pasi pePiramidhi yeMwedzi
Vanochera matongo kubva kuMexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) uye National Autonomous University yeMexico vakaongorora nzvimbo yePlaza yeMwedzi uye Pyramid yeMwedzi - yechipiri pakukura piramidhi muMesoamerica - muna Chikumi 2017.
Ivo zvino vakasimbisa kuti kune zvakare kamuri iri masere metres (26 ft.) pazasi pePiramidhi yeMwedzi. Iyo ine dhayamita yemamita gumi nemashanu (15 ft.), inobatana nemugero unoenda kumaodzanyemba kwePlaza yeMwedzi, uye inogona kunge iine musuwo wekumadokero mukamuri zvakare. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvinoratidza kuti vanhu veTeotihuacan vakatevedzera nzira imwechete yenzira mumatombo avo makuru.
Mugero uri pasi pePiramidhi Yenyoka Ine Feathered (Tembere yeQuetzacoátl)
Nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo Sergio Gomez, akashanda pakuchengetedza Tembere yeQuetzalcoatl - piramidhi yechitatu-muhombe muMesoamerica - muna 2003, akasangana nemugero naJulie Gazzola mushure mekunaya kukuru, kwemazuva mazhinji. Rinodokunyura mamita matatu rakafara mujinga metemberi yeFeathered Serpent uye payakanzverwa netochi netambo yakawanwa kuva mugero wakagadzirwa nomunhu. Nechepazasi peshaft yacho paive nemugero wakavharirwa kumativi ese nematombo makuru.
Mapikicha ekutanga ekuchera akatorwa nerobhoti diki-rinodzorwa kure, kunyangwe zvayakawana pamwe chete nemidziyo chaiyo yakawanikwa zvinongonakidza zvakadaro!
Zvigadzirwa zvinopfuura 75,000 1.5 zvakawanikwa pavanenge vachiongorora mugero uyu unoenda kumakamuri epasi pevhu, kusanganisira zvinhu zvakadai semasiki yemapuranga yakashongedzwa nejade nequartz, mazino egarwe egreenstone, bhokisi remapapiro ebete, uye mazana emabhora akagadzirwa nesimbi. Aya mabhora asinganzwisisike akakura muhukuru kubva pa5 "kusvika paXNUMX" uye akagadzirwa nehupamhi hwevhu uye akafukidzwa nejerosite yeyero yakaumbwa kubva kuoxidization yepyrite. Mabhora aya angadai aipenya segoridhe pazvakasikwa. Kushandiswa uye zvinoreva mabhora madiki egoridhe aya haasati azivikanwa zvachose.
Pakupera kwemugero wacho, kamuri inomiririra nyika yepasi yakawanikwa. Kamuri iyi yakadzika pasi pepiramidhi yaive nenzvimbo diki ine madziva emvura yemekiyuri inomiririra madziva. Madziro uye sirin'i zvakashongedzwa nemamineral powders akasiyana (hematite, pyrite, uye magnetite) kugadzira iyo inoshamisa mhedzisiro yekumira pasi penyeredzi husiku.
Temberi yeQuetzalcoatl inzvimbo chaiyo yekushanya uye yatambura nekudzikira nekukurumidza kubva mukungogara kuri kuita traffic. Kuedza kuchengetedza kuri kuramba kuchiitwa kuti kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwayo. Mugero uri pasi pawo uchiri kucherwa zvichida ndicho chikonzero nei vashanyi vasati vabvumirwa. Zvakawanda zvezvakawanikwa zvakawanikwa muna 2017 pakuratidzira kukuru kuDe Young Museum muSan Fransisco, California.
Mashoko ekupedzisira
Kuvapo kwematanho epachivande mukati meguta rekare reTeotihuacán kwagara kusinganzwisisike. Hapana anonyatsoziva kuti mapatani aya akavakwa sei, kana kuti nei akavakwa kana kuti angave akashandiswa sei. Kunobvira kuti migero yacho yakashandiswa navaprista kufamba muchivande pakati petembere huru, asi hapana ufakazi husati hwawanwa hunotsigira kutaura ikoko.
Vanochera matongo vave kutaura kuti tunnels inzvimbo yemhemberero uye yetsika. Kunyange zvazvo pasina uchapupu hwokuti vaprista veTeotihuacan vakazvishandisa nokuda kwechinangwa chimwe chete sevapristi veChichen Itza muMexico, chiratidzo chacho chakafanana. Mikoto yacho inofungidzirwawo kuva makuva ekare. Somuenzaniso, vanochera matongo vakawana matehenya, mapfupa, uye maturusi mumugero ungangodaro waishandiswa nevapristi vekuTeotihuacan.
Mune mamwe mazwi, tsvakiridzo yakawanda yezvekuchera matongo ichiri kudikanwa munzvimbo ino yekare kuti iburitse ruzivo runonakidza pamusoro pematani asinganzwisisike aya uye chinangwa chawo chaicho.
