Erik the Red, anozivikanwawo saErik Thorvaldsson, aive muongorori weNorse ane mukurumbira akaita basa rakakosha mukuwanikwa nekugadzirisa Greenland. Mweya wake wekushinga, pamwe nekutsunga kwake kusingazununguki, zvakamuita kuti aongorore nharaunda dzisina kutaurwa uye kutanga nharaunda dzakabudirira munzvimbo dzakaoma dzeNordic. Muchinyorwa chino, tichachera mune inoshamisa ngano yemutsvagi weViking anopisa Erik the Red, achijekesa hupenyu hwake hwepakutanga, muchato uye mhuri, kutapwa, uye kufa kwake kusingatarisirwe.
Hupenyu hwepakutanga hwaEric the Red - mwanakomana akadzingwa
Erik Thorvaldsson akaberekwa muna 950 CE muRogaland, Norway. Akanga ari mwanakomana waThorvald Asvaldson, murume akazova nemukurumbira wakashata nokuda kwokubatanidzwa kwake mukuponda. Senzira yekugadzirisa kusawirirana, Thorvald akadzingwa kuNorway, uye akatanga rwendo rwekunyengedza akananga kumadokero nemhuri yake, kusanganisira Erik muduku. Vakazogara muHornstrandir, nzvimbo ine mawere iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweIceland, uko Thorvald akasangana norufu rwake mireniyumu isati yatanga.
Muchato uye mhuri - kutangwa kweEiriksstaðir
Erik the Red akaroora Þjodhild Jorundsdottir uye pamwe chete vakavaka purazi rainzi Eiriksstaðir muHaukadalr (Hawksdale). Þjodhild, mwanasikana waJorundur Ulfsson naÞorbjorg Gilsdottir, akaita basa rakakosha muhupenyu hwaErik. Maererano netsika dzekare dzeIcelandic, vaviri ava vaive nevana vana: mwanasikana anonzi Freydis nevanakomana vatatu - muongorori ane mukurumbira Leif Erikson, Thorvald, naThorstein.
Kusiyana nemwanakomana wake Leif nomudzimai waLeif, avo vakazogamuchira chiKristu, Erik akaramba ari muteveri akazvipira wechihedheni cheNorse. Uyu musiyano worudzidziso wakatoparira rwisano muroorano yavo, apo mudzimai waErik akatora nomwoyo wose kuchiKristu, kunyange kurayira chechi yokutanga yeGreenland. Erik akazvivenga zvakanyanya uye akanamatira kune vamwari vake veNorse - izvo, sagas inorondedzera, yakatungamira Þjódhild kuti arambe kurara nemurume wake.
Kudzingwa - nhevedzano yekurwisana
Achitevera tsoka dzababa vake, Erik akazviwana adzingwawo. Kupokana kwekutanga kwakaitika apo nhapwa dzake (varanda) dzakakonzera kuondomoka kwevhu papurazi raiva pedyo raEyjolf the Foul, shamwari yaValthjof, uye vakauraya mathralls.
Mukutsiva, Erik akatora nyaya mumaoko ake ndokuuraya Eyjolf naHolmgang-Hrafn. Hama dzaEyjolf dzakakumbira kuti Erik adzingwe kubva kuHaukadal, uye vaIceland vakamutongera makore matatu ehutapwa nokuda kwezviito zvake. Munguva iyi, Erik akapotera paBrokey Island neÖxney (Eyxney) Island muIceland.
Dambudziko uye kugadzirisa
Kutapwa hakuna kupedza gakava pakati paErik nemhandu dzake. Erik akaronzesa Thorgest seti yake yaaida uye akagara nhaka matanda akashongedzwa ehukoshi hukuru husinganzwisisike hwakaunzwa kubva kuNorway nababa vake. Zvisinei, Erik paakapedza kuvakwa kweimba yake itsva ndokudzokera kuzotora sestokkr, Thorgest akaramba kuvapa.
Erik, akatsunga kutorazve pfuma yake yaikosha, akasarudza kugadzirisa nyaya yacho zvakare mumaoko ake. Mukurwisana kwakatevera, haana kungotora setstokkr chete asi akauraya vanakomana vaThorgest nevamwe varume vashomanana. Mhirizhonga iyi yakatowedzera mamiriro ezvinhu, zvikazoita kuti kunetsana kurambe kuchiwedzera pakati pemapato anopikisa.
“Shure kwaizvozvo, mumwe nomumwe wavo aiva neboka guru revarume mumba make. Styr akapa Erik tsigiro yake, sezvakaitawo Eyiolf wekuSviney, Thorbjiorn, mwanakomana waVifil, uye vanakomana vaThorbrand weAlptafirth; nepo Thorgest achitsigirwa nevanakomana vaThord the Yeller, naThorgeir weHitardal, Aslak weLangadal nemwanakomana wake Illugi.”—Iyo Saga yaEric Mutsvuku.
Gakava iri rakazopera kuburikidza nekupindira kwegungano rinozivikanwa seChinhu, iro rakarambidza Erik kwemakore matatu.
Kuwanikwa kweGreenland
Kunyangwe yakawanda yenhoroondo ichiti Erik mutsvuku seyekutanga kuEurope kuwana Greenland, maIcelandic sagas anoratidza maNorsemen akaedza kuigadzirisa pamberi pake. Gunnbjörn Ulfsson, anozivikanwawo saGunnbjörn Ulf-Krakuson, anonzi ndiye akatanga kuona nyika, iyo yaakapepereswa nayo nemhepo ine simba ndokudaidza Gunnbjörn's skerries. Snæbjörn galti akashanyirawo Greenland uye, maererano nemarekodhi, akatungamira kuyedza kweNorse kwekutanga kutonga, zvichiguma nekukundikana. Erik the Red, zvisinei, ndiye akatanga kugara zvachose.
Mukati moutapwa hwake muna 982, Erik akaenda nechikepe kunzvimbo iyo Snæbjörn akanga aedza akakundikana kuigadzirisa makore mana akanga apfuura. Akafamba nechikepe achipoterera nechokumaodzanyemba kwechitsuwa, chakazozivikanwa seCape Farewell, uye akakwira mhenderekedzo yegungwa yokumadokero, kwaakawana nzvimbo isina aizi zvikuru ine mamiriro akaita seIceland. Akaongorora nyika iyi kwemakore matatu asati adzokera kuIceland.
Erik akapa vanhu nyika yacho se“Greenland” kuti avanyengetedze kuigadzika. Aiziva kuti kubudirira kwekugara kupi nokupi muGreenland kwaizoda tsigiro yavanhu vakawanda sezvinobvira. Akabudirira, uye vakawanda, zvikurukuru “vaya vaViking vaigara munyika ine urombo muIceland” nevaya vakanga vatambura “nzara ichangopfuura”—vakava nechokwadi chokuti Greenland yaiva nemikana mikuru.
Erik akafamba nechikepe achidzokera kuGreenland muna 985 neboka guru rezvikepe zvevakoloni, gumi nemana avo vakasvika mushure mekunge gumi nerimwe varasika mugungwa. Vakamisa dzimba mbiri pamhenderekedzo yekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero, Eastern neWestern, uye Middle Settlement inofungidzirwa kuti yaive chikamu cheWestern. Erik akavaka nzvimbo yeBrattahlíð muEastern Settlement uye akave muchinda mukuru. Kugara kwacho kwakabudirira, kuchikura kuva vagari vemo 5,000 XNUMX, uye vatami vakawanda vakakumbanira vachibva kuIceland.
Rufu uye nhaka
Mwanakomana waErik, Leif Erikson, aizoenderera mberi nekuwana mukurumbira wake seViking yekutanga kuongorora nyika yeVinland, inofungidzirwa kuti iri muNewfoundland yemazuva ano. Leif akakoka baba vake kuti vaende naye parwendo urwu rwaikosha. Nekudaro, sekureva kunoita ngano, Erik akadonha pabhiza rake munzira yekuenda kuchikepe, achidudzira sechiratidzo chakashata uye akasarudza kusaenderera mberi.
Zvinosuruvarisa, Erik akazokundwa nedenda rakatora hupenyu hwevakoloni vakawanda muGreenland munguva yechando mushure mekuenda kwemwanakomana wake. Rimwe boka revabvakure rakasvika muna 1002 rakauya nedenda iri. Asi koroni yakawedzera uye ikararama kusvikira Mudiki Ice Age yakaita kuti nyika isakodzere vanhu vokuEurope muzana remakore rechi15. Kupambwa kwevapambi, kurwisana neInuit, uye kusiiwa kweNorway kwekoloni kwakakonzerawo kudzikira kwayo.
Kunyangwe kufa kwake kusingaite, nhaka yaErik muRed inoramba iripo, yakanyorwa nekusingaperi munhoroondo yenhoroondo semuongorori asingatyi uye asingatyi.
Kufananidza neGreenland saga
Pane kufambirana kunoshamisa pakati peSaga raErik the Red neGreenland saga, ese ari kurondedzera mafambiro akafanana uye aine mavara anodzokororwa. Zvisinei, kune misiyano inocherechedzwa zvakare. Mune saga yeGreenland, nzendo idzi dzinoratidzwa sechinhu chimwe chete chinotungamirwa naThorfinn Karlsefni, nepo Erik the Red's saga achivaratidza senzendo dzakasiyana dzinosanganisira Thorvald, Freydis, nemukadzi waKarlsefni Gudrid.
Uyezve, nzvimbo yekugara inosiyana pakati peakaundi maviri aya. Saga yeGreenland inoreva kugadziriswa seVinland, ukuwo Erik the Red's saga inotaura nezvenzvimbo mbiri dzekugara: Straumfjǫrðr, kwavakapedza chando nechitubu, uye Hop, kwavaisangana nekunetsana nevanhu veko vanonzi Skraelings. Nhoroondo idzi dzinosiyana mukusimbisa kwadzo, asi ese ari maviri anoratidza zvinoshamisa zvakaitwa naThorfinn Karlsefni nemukadzi wake Gudrid.
Mashoko ekupedzisira
Erik the Red, muongorori weViking akawana Greenland, akanga ari mufambi wechokwadi ane mweya wokushinga uye kutsunga zvakagadzira nzira yekutangwa kwemisha yeNorse munyika iyi isingagariki. Kubva pakudzingwa kwake nekudzingwa kuenda kumatambudziko ewanano uye kufa kwekupedzisira, hupenyu hwaErik hwakanga huzere nemiedzo uye nekukunda.
Nhaka yaErik the Red inorarama seuchapupu kumweya usingachinji wekuongorora, uchitiyeuchidza nezve zvinoshamisa zvinoshamisa zvakaitwa nevafambi vegungwa veNorse vekare. Ngatiyeukei Erik Mutsvuku semunhu ane mukurumbira asingatyi akaenda kusingazivikanwe, achinyora zita rake nokusingaperi munhoroondo dzenhoroondo.
Mushure mekuverenga nezve Erik the Red uye kuwanikwa kweGreenland, verenga nezvazvo Madoc anonzi akawana America pamberi paColumbus; wobva waverenga nezve Maine Penny - 10th-century Viking coin yakawanikwa muAmerica.
