Ongororo ichangobva kuitwa yeDNA yakagumisa kuti skeleton yekare yemunhu yakawanikwa muSão Paulo, Brazil, Luzio, inogona kurondwa kumashure kwevakatanga kugara muAmerica makore 16,000 apfuura. Boka iri revanhu rakazoita kuti pave nevemazuva ano veIndigenous Tupi.
Ichi chinyorwa chinopa tsananguro yekutsakatika kwevagari vekare vedunhu remahombekombe eBrazil vakavaka inozivikanwa "sambaquis," inova mirwi yakakura yematehwe nehove inoshandiswa sepokugara, nzvimbo dzekuvigwa, uye zviratidzo zvemiganhu yenyika. Vanochera matongo vanowanzo nyora mirwi iyi semagoko egoko kana kicheni middens. Tsvagiridzo iyi yakavakirwa pane yakanyanya kuwanda seti yeBrazilian archaeological genomic data.
Andre Menezes Strauss, anochera matongo we MAE-USP uye mutungamiri wetsvagiridzo iyi, akataura kuti vavaki vesambaqui veAtlantic Coast vaive boka revanhu rine vanhu vakawanda muSouth America isati yatanga koloni mushure mebudiriro yeAndean. Kwezviuru nemakore, vainzi 'madzimambo emahombekombe', kusvikira vakangoerekana vanyangarika makore anoda kusvika zviuru zviviri apfuura.
Ma genomes e34 fossils, angangoita makore 10,000, kubva munzvimbo ina dzemahombekombe eBrazil akaongororwa zvakanyanya nevanyori. Zvisaririra izvi zvakatorwa munzvimbo sere: Cabeçuda, Capelinha, Cubatao, Limao, Jabuticabeira II, Palmeiras Xingu, Pedra do Alexandre, uye Vau Una, iyo yaisanganisira sambaquis.
Inotungamirwa naLevy Figuti, purofesa paMAE-USP, boka rakawana marangwanda ekare muSao Paulo, Luzio, murwizi rweCapelinha pakati pemupata weRibeira de Iguape. Dehenya raro rakanga rakafanana neLuzia, chisaririra chekaresa chakawanikwa muSouth America kusvika zvino, icho chinofungidzirwa kuva chave nemakore anenge 13,000 14,000. Pakutanga, vatsvakurudzi vakafungidzira kuti yakabva kune vanhu vakasiyana nevemazuva ano maAmerindi, avo vaigara muBrazil makore anenge XNUMX apfuura, asi zvakazoonekwa kuti ndezvenhema.
Mhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwemajini eLuzio yakasimbisa kuti aive muAmerindian, saTupi, Quechua, kana Cherokee. Izvi hazvireve kuti dzakafanana zvachose, asi kubva pakuona kwepasi rose, dzese dzinobva kune rimwe fungu rekutama iro rakasvika kuAmerica makore asingapfuure 16,000 30,000 apfuura. Strauss akataura kuti kana paive nevamwe vanhu mudunhu iri makore makumi matatu apfuura, haina kusiya vazukuru pakati pemapoka aya.
DNA yaLuzio yakapa nzwisiso yemumwe mubvunzo. Rwizi middens akasiyana neaya emumhenderekedzo yegungwa, saka kuwanikwa hakugone kufungidzirwa kuve mutungamiriri weiyo huru classical sambaquis yakaonekwa gare gare. Chakazarurwa ichi chinoratidza kuti kwaive nekutama kuviri kwakasiyana - kupinda mukati menyika uye kudivi remahombekombe.
Chii chakaitika kune vagadziri vesambaqui? Ongororo yeruzivo rwemajini yakaratidza vanhu vakasiyana vane tsika dzakagovaniswa asi misiyano yakakura yebhayoloji, kunyanya pakati pevagari vematunhu emahombekombe ekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba.
Strauss akacherekedza kuti tsvakiridzo yecranial morphology mu2000s yakatoratidza kusanzwisisana pakati penharaunda idzi, iyo yakatsigirwa neiyo genetic analysis. Zvakaonekwa kuti huwandu hwevagari vemumhenderekedzo yegungwa vaive vasina kuparadzaniswa, asi nguva zhinji vaive nekuchinjana kwemajini nemapoka emukati. Izvi zvinofanirwa kunge zviri kuitika kwezviuru zvemakore uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakakonzera kusiyanisa kwedunhu resambaquis.
Pakuferefeta kutsakatika kusinganzwisisike kwenharaunda iyi yegungwa, iyo yaisanganisira vavhimi vekutanga nevaunganidzi veHolocene, sampuli dzeDNA dzakaongororwa dzakaratidza kuti, kusiyana netsika yeEuropean Neolithic yekubvisa vanhu vese, zvakaitika mudunhu iri shanduko mutsika, inosanganisira kudzikira kwekuvakwa kwegoko middens uye kuwedzerwa kwehari nevanovaka sambaqui. Semuyenzaniso, genetic material yakawanikwa kuGalheta IV (iri mudunhu reSanta Catarina) - iyo yainyanya kushamisa saiti kubva panguva ino - yanga isina mabhomba, asi ceramics, uye inofananidzwa neyakare sambaquis panyaya iyi.
Strauss akataura kuti zvakabuda muongororo yakaitwa muna 2014 pamusoro pehari dzehari kubva ku sambaquis zvaienderana nepfungwa yekuti mapoto aishandiswa kubika hove, kwete miriwo yemuriwo. Akasimbisa kuti vagari vomunharaunda yacho vakanga vashandisa nzira yokugara nayo mukati menyika yokugadzira zvokudya zvavo zvechivanhu.
Chidzidzo chacho chakatanga kubudiswa mumagazini muzvarirwo musi waJuly 31, 2023.
