Hupenyu Panyika hwakachinja zvakanyanya mukuvapo kwahwo, nekutsakatika kukuru kushanu kwakamira senzvimbo dzakakosha dzekuchinja. Izvi zviitiko zvinotyisa, zvakatora mabhiriyoni emakore, zvakaumba nzira yemhindumupindu uye zvakasarudza mararamire makuru enguva imwe neimwe. Kwemakumi mashoma emakore apfuura, masayendisiti ari kuyedza kugadzirisa zvakavanzika zvakapoteredza kutsakatika kukuru uku, kuongorora zvikonzero zvavo, mhedzisiro, uye zvisikwa zvinofadza izvo zvakazobuda mumashure mavo.
Late Ordovician: Gungwa Rekuchinja (makore mamiriyoni 443 apfuura)
Kutsakatika kweLate Ordovician, kwakaitika makore 443 miriyoni apfuura, kwakaratidza shanduko yakakosha Nhoroondo yepasi. Panguva iyi, hupenyu huzhinji hwakanga huri mumakungwa. Molluscs uye trilobites ndiwo aive marudzi makuru, uye hove dzokutanga dzine shaya dzakagadzira chitarisiko chadzo, zvichiita kuti pave nezvinomera zvomuzongoza zvenguva yemberi.
Chiitiko ichi chekutsakatika, chinoparadza chingangoita 85% yezvipenyu zvemugungwa, zvinotendwa kuti zvakakonzereswa nekutevedzana kwechando muNyika yeKumaodzanyemba kweHemisphere. Sezvo mazaya echando akawedzera, mamwe marudzi akaparara, asi mamwe akachinjira kumamiriro ekutonhora. Zvisinei, apo aizi yakaserera, ava vakapukunyuka vakatarisana nezvinetso zvitsva, zvakadai sokushandura nziyo dzomuchadenga, zvichiita kuti varasikirwezve. Chikonzero chaicho chekunaya kwechando chinoramba chiri musoro wenharo, sezvo humbowo hwakavharwa nekufamba kwemakondinendi uye kuvandudzwa kwemakungwa.
Zvinoshamisa ndezvokuti kutsakatika kwevanhu vakawanda uku hakuna kuchinja zvikuru zvipenyu zvepanyika. Mazhinji mafomu akange aripo, kusanganisira madzitateguru edu emhuka, akarambira muhuwandu hudiki uye akazopora mukati memamiriyoni mashoma emakore.
Late Devonian: A Slow Decline (372 miriyoni-359 miriyoni makore apfuura)
Kuparara kweLate Devonian mass, kubva pamakore mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nemakumi matatu nemazana matatu nemakumi mashanu nepfumbamwe apfuura, kwaionekwa nekudzikira zvishoma kwete kwete. chiitiko chinongoerekana chaitika. Munguva iyi, kuumbwa kwevhu nezvirimwa uye zvipembenene kwakanga kuri kuwedzera, nekuvandudzwa kwembeu uye mukati mevascular system. Zvisineyi, mhuka dzinodya ura pasi dzakanga dzisati dzaunza makwikwi makuru kumiti inokura.
Zvikonzero zvechiitiko ichi chekutsakatika, chinozivikanwa seKellwasser uye Hangenberg Zviitiko, zvinoramba zviri zvisinganzwisisike. Mamwe masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti kurova kwemeteorite kana kuti supernova iri pedyo ingave yakakonzera kukanganisa mumhepo. Zvisinei, vamwe vanopikisa kuti chiitiko ichi chekutsakatika kwaisava kutsakatika kwechokwadi kwevazhinji asi kuti inguva yekuwedzera kwekufa kwechisikigo uye kuderera kwechinjo.
Permian-Triassic: The Great Dying (makore mamiriyoni 252 apfuura)
Kutsakatika kwePermian-Triassic, kunozivikanwawo se "The Great Dying," ndicho chiitiko chakanyanya kutsakatika munhoroondo yePasi. Zvakaitika makore anoda kusvika mamiriyoni 252 apfuura, zvakakonzera kurasikirwa kwemarudzi akawanda panyika. Kufungidzira kunoratidza kuti akawanda anosvika 90% kusvika 96% emarudzi ese emugungwa uye 70% yemhuka dzemusango dzakatsakatika.
Zvikonzero zvechiitiko ichi chine njodzi zvinoramba zvisinganzwisisike nekuda kwekuvigwa kwakadzama uye kupararira kwehumbowo hwakakonzerwa nekudonha kwekondinendi. Kutsakatika kwacho kunoratidzika kunge kwave kupfupi, zvichida kwakanangidzirwa mukati memirioni yemakore kana kuti pasi. Zvinhu zvakasiyana zvakatsanangurwa, zvinosanganisira kuchinjika kwekabhoni isotopes, kuputika kukuru kwemakomo muChina yazvino neSiberia, kupisa mibhedha yemarasha, uye maruva emaruva anochinja mhepo. Kusanganiswa kwezvinhu izvi kungangove kwakakonzera shanduko huru yemamiriro ekunze iyo yakakanganisa magariro epasi rose.
Ichi chiitiko chekutsakatika chakashandura zvakanyanya mararamiro ePasi. Zvisikwa zvepanyika zvakatora mamiriyoni emakore kuti zvigadzirike, zvichizopedzisira zvaita kuti pave nemitoo mitsva uye kugadzira nzira yenguva dzaizotevera.
Triassic-Jurassic: The Rise of Dinosaurs (makore mamiriyoni 201 apfuura)
The Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction, iyo yakaitika makore angangoita 201 miriyoni apfuura, yakanga isinganyanyi kuomarara pane chiitiko chePermian-Triassic asi ichine chekuita nehupenyu paPasi. Munguva yeTriassic nguva, archosaur, mhuka huru dzakaita segarwe, dzakatonga nyika. Chiitiko ichi chekutsakatika chakatsvaira vazhinji vearchosaurs, zvichigadzira mukana wekubuda kweboka rakashanduka iro raizopedzisira rava dinosaurs neshiri, vachitonga nyika panguva yeJurassic.
Dzidziso inotungamira yekutsakatika kweTriassic-Jurassic inoratidza kuti basa rekuputika kwemakomo muCentral Atlantic Magmatic Province rakakanganisa kuumbwa kwemhepo. Sezvo magma akakura achiyambuka North America, South America, uye Africa, nyika idzi dzakawanda dzakatanga kupatsanuka, dzichitakura zvidimbu zvemunda wapakuvamba dzichiyambuka yaizova Atlantic Ocean. Dzimwe dzidziso, senge cosmic impact, hadzina kufarirwa. Zvinogoneka kuti hapana njodzi imwe yakaitika, uye nguva iyi yakangoratidzwa nekukurumidza kwekutsakatika kupfuura mhindumupindu.
Cretaceous-Paleogene: Kuguma kweDinosaurs (makore mamiriyoni 66 apfuura)
The Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (inozivikanwawo seKT Extinction), zvichida inonyanya kuzivikanwa, yakaratidza kuguma kwemadinosaurs uye kutanga kweCenozoic era. Anenge mamiriyoni 66 emakore apfuura, marudzi akawanda, kusanganisira asiri-avian dinosaurs, akaparadzwa. Chikonzero chekutsakatika uku chave kugamuchirwa nevakawanda semugumisiro wekukanganisa kukuru kweasteroid.
Humbowo hweGeological, hwakadai sekuvapo kwemazinga akakwirisa eiridium muzvikamu zve sedimentary pasi rose, anotsigira dzidziso yekukanganisa kweasteroid. Iyo Chicxulub crater muMexico, yakaumbwa nekukanganisa, ine iridium anomalies uye mamwe masignature ekutanga anoibatanidza zvakananga kune yepasirese iridium-rich layer. Chiitiko ichi chakakanganisa zvikuru zvipenyu zvePasi, zvichigadzira nzira yekusimuka kwemhuka dzinoyamwisa uye zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogara pasi redu.
Final pfungwa
Kutsakatika kukuru kushanu munhoroondo yePasi kwakabata basa rakakosha mukuumba mararamiro epasi redu. Kubva kuLate Ordovician kusvika kuCretaceous-Paleogene kupera, chiitiko chimwe nechimwe chakaunza kuchinja kukuru, zvichiita kuti kuve nekubuda kwezvipenyu zvitsva uye kuderera kwevamwe. Nepo zvikonzero zvekutsakatika uku zvichiri kubata zvakavanzika, zvinoshanda sezviyeuchidzo zvakakosha zvekusasimba, kusimba uye kuchinjika kwehupenyu hwePasi.
Zvisinei, dambudziko riripo iye zvino rokusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu, rinosundwa zvikuru nezvinoitwa nevanhu zvakadai sokutema miti, kusvibiswa, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, rinotyisidzira kuvhiringa chiyero ichi chisina kusimba uye zvingangokonzera chiitiko chikuru chechitanhatu.
Kunzwisisa zvakaitika kare kunogona kutibatsira kuziva zviri kuitika uye kuita zvisarudzo zvine ruzivo nezveramangwana. Nekudzidza kutsakatika kukuru uku, vesainzi vanogona kuwana ruzivo rwezvingangoitika zvezviito zvedu uye kugadzira nzira dzekuchengetedza nekuchengetedza zvakakosha zvakasiyana-siyana zvePasi.
Uku ndiko kudiwa kwenguva iyo yatinodzidza kubva mukukanganisa kwekare uye totora danho rekudzikisa kukanganisa kwedu kune zvakatipoteredza kudzivirira imwe njodzi kurasikirwa kwemarudzi. Mamiriro ezvinhu ezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvepasi redu uye kurarama kwemarudzi asingaverengeki kunotsamira pakuedza kwedu pamwe chete.
Mushure mekuverenga nezve 5 kutsakatika kukuru munhoroondo yePasi, verenga nezvazvo Chinyorwa cheakakurumbira akarasika nhoroondo: Sei 97% yenhoroondo yevanhu yakarasika nhasi?
