Kubudirira kweAnasazi, dzimwe nguva kunonziwo Ancestral Puebloans, ndeimwe yeanonyanya kufadza uye asinganzwisisike budiriro yekare muNorth America. Vanhu ava vaigara kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweUnited States kubva kuzana ramakore rekutanga AD kusvika kuzana ramakore rechi 1 AD, uye vakasiya nhaka yakapfuma yezvigadzirwa, zvivakwa, uye mifananidzo. Bva, pasinei zvapo namakumi amakore okunzvera nokunzvera, zvakawanda pamusoro penzanga yavo zvinoramba zvisingazivikanwi. Kubva pakuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzavo dzokugara dzamawere kusvikira kumigadzirirwo yavo yehari yakaoma kunzwisisa nezvitendero zvorudzidziso, pane zvakawanda zvinodzidzwa pamusoro paAnasazi. Muchinyorwa chino, tichaongorora zvakavanzika zvechinyakare ichi uye nekufumura zvatinoziva nezvemararamiro avo, pamwe nekuongorora zvakavanzika zvakawanda zvichiri zvakavakomberedza.
Kwakabva: Anasazi vaiva vanaani?
Iyo Anasazi inoshamisa budiriro yekare yaimbogara muAmerican Southwest. Vaigara munzvimbo yave kunzi Four Corners dunhu reUnited States, iro rinosanganisira zvikamu zveArizona, New Mexico, Colorado, uye Utah. Vamwe vanotenda nhoroondo yeAnasazi yakatanga pakati pe6500 ne1500 BC mune inozivikanwa seArchaic period. Inoratidza tsika ye-pre-Anasazi, nekusvika kwemapoka maduku emurenje munharaunda yeMakona mana. Vanotendwa kuti vakagara munharaunda iyi kwemakore anopfuura chiuru, kubva makore angangoita 100 AD kusvika muna 1300 AD.
Shoko rokuti “Anasazi” ishoko rechiNavajo rinoreva kuti “vanhu vekare” kana kuti “vavengi vekare,” uye rakanga risiri zita iro vanhu ava vaizviti. VaAnasazi vaizivikanwa nokuda kwetsika yavo yakasiyana uye yepamusoro, iyo yaisanganisira zvinoshamisa zvezvivakwa, zvehari, uye zvekurima. Vakavaka dzimba dzekugara dzemawere uye pueblos izvo zvichiripo nhasi sechiratidzo chehunyanzvi hwavo nehungwaru.
Dzimba dzemawere dzeAnasazi: dzakavakwa sei?
Dzimba dzemawere dzeAnasazi ndezvimwe zvezvivakwa zvinofadza zvenhoroondo munyika. Idzi dzimba dzokugara dzakare dzakavakwa navanhu vaAnasazi anopfuura makore ane chiuru apfuura, uye dzichiripo nanhasi. Nzvimbo dzekugara dzeAnasazi dzakavakwa kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweNorth America, kunyanya mune izvo zvino zvinozivikanwa se Four Corners region. Vanhu veAnasazi vakavaka dzimba idzi nematombo ejecha nezvimwe zvinhu zvechisikigo zvaiwanikwa munzvimbo iyi zviri nyore.
Dzimba dzemawere dzakanga dzakavakwa mumativi emawere, dzichidzivirira kubva kumamiriro okunze uye zvikara. Vanhu veAnasazi vakashandisa musanganiswa wemaumbirwo echisikigo uye zvinhu zvakagadzirwa nevanhu kuvaka dzimba idzi. Vakaveza makamuri mumatombo, vakashandisa madhaka nouswa kusimbisa nokupura madziro, uye vakavaka matenga vachishandisa matanda nezvimwe zvinhu zvakasikwa. Kuvakwa kweidzi nzvimbo dzokugara dzemawere kwakanga kuri chishamiso chouinjiniya nokuvandudzwa kwenguva yacho, uye kuchiri kufadza vanyori vezvakaitika kare nevanochera matongo kusvikira nhasi. Dzimba dzemawere eAnasazi hadzisi dzinoshamisa chete pakuvaka kwavo asiwo nekukosha kwenhoroondo.
Idzi dzimba dzaigovera pokugara, dziviriro, uye pfungwa yenzanga nokuda kwavanhu vaAnasazi vaigara madziri. Dzaivewo nzvimbo dzakakosha dzetsika nedzechitendero dzevanhu veAnasazi, uye mazhinji acho ane mifananidzo yakaoma kunzwisisa uye zvimwe zviratidzo zvinopa ruzivo rwezvinotendwa nemagariro ekare. Nhasi, vashanyi vanogona kuongorora zhinji dzeidzi dzimba dzokugara dzamawere uye dzinowana kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwavanhu vaAnasazi nemararamiro avo. Zvimiro izvi zvinoramba zvichikurudzira uye kushamisa vanhu vanobva kumativi ose enyika, uye zvinomira sechiratidziro cheunyanzvi uye unyanzvi hwebudiriro yeAnasazi.
Zvisikwa zvakasarudzika zveAnasazi
Vanhu veAnasazi vakaita chitarisiko chavo sedzinza munenge mugore ra1500 BC. Ruzivo rwavo nounyanzvi mundima yezvenyeredzi zvaishamisa, sezvo vakavaka nzvimbo inocherekedza kuti vaone nokunzwisisa nyeredzi. Vakagadzirawo karenda rinokosha remabasa avo ezuva nezuva uye echitendero, vachifunga nezvezviitiko zvomudenga zvavaiona. Uyezve, vakagadzira mugwagwa wakaoma kunzwisisa, zvichiratidza unyanzvi hwavo hwepamusoro mukuvaka uye kufamba. Nekune rumwe rutivi, dzimba dzavo dzekugara dzaive negomba repakati pasi, iro ravaiona semusuwo unobva kupasi pevhu kana nyika yechitatu, kupinda munyika yechina kana Nyika yazvino. Aya maficha anoshamisa anoratidza yakasarudzika tsika uye hungwaru hwerudzi rweAnasazi.
Unyanzvi nehari yeAnasazi
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kufadza zveAnasazi tsika yaive yeunyanzvi hwavo nehari. VanaAnasazi vaiva nyanzvi dzokudhirowa, uye midziyo yavo yehari ndeimwe yezvakanakisa uye zvakaoma kunzwisisa zvakambogadzirwa. Ihari yeAnasazi yakagadzirwa nemaoko, uye chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chakanga chakasiyana. Vakashandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kugadzira hari yavo, kusanganisira kupeta, kupinza, nekukwenya. Vakashandisawo zvinhu zvakasikwa kugadzira mavara muhari yavo. Semuenzaniso, vaishandisa ivhu dzvuku rakasanganiswa nevhu hematite kugadzira yakadzika ruvara rutsvuku.
Anasazi yehari yakanga inopfuura kungoshanda; yaitovawo nzira yekuti vanaAnasazi vataure zvine unyanzvi. Vaigaro shandisa zviratidzo muhari yavo zvaive nezvakakosha zvekunamata kana zvemweya. Somuenzaniso, vaishandisa mifananidzo yemhuka dzakadai sezizi nemakondo, idzo dzaidavirwa kuva dzine simba chairo. Vakashandisawo maumbirwo ejometri, senge spirals nematriangles, ayo aimiririra kutenderera kwehupenyu nemasikirwo. Unyanzvi nehari dzeAnasazi dzinoratidza zvakawanda nezvetsika dzavo uye mararamiro avo. Vaive vanhu vaikoshesa runako nehunyanzvi, uye vaishandisa hunyanzvi hwavo kuratidza zvavaitenda uye maitiro emweya. Nhasi, Anasazi pottery inokosheswa zvikuru nevateresi uye inoonekwa seimwe yezvipo zvakakosha kune Native American art.
Zvitendero zvechitendero zveAnasazi
Kunyange zvazvo vanhu veAnasazi vaizivikanwa nokuda kwezvivakwa zvavo zvinoshamisa uye unyanzvi hunokatyamadza, vangangovewo vanozivikanwa zvikuru nokuda kwezvitendero zvavo zvechitendero. VanaAnasazi vaidavira gadziriro yakaoma kunzwisisa yavamwari navamwarikadzi iyo yakanga ine mutoro nokuda kwenyika yakavapoteredza. Vaifunga kuti zvinhu zvose zviri munyika zvine mudzimu, uye vakashanda nesimba kuti varambe vachifara. Vaifunga kuti kana vakasaita kuti midzimu ifare, zvinhu zvakaipa zvaizoitika kwavari. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave netsika dzakawanda nemhemberero dzakagadzirirwa kufadza vanamwari nevamwarikadzi.
Imwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzechitendero dzeAnasazi iChaco Canyon. Nzvimbo iyi ine nhevedzano yezvivakwa zvakavakwa mune yakaoma geometric pattern. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvivako izvi zvaishandiswa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvechitendero uye zvaiva chikamu chegadziriro huru yezvitendero zvechitendero. VanaAnasazi vaiva budiriro inonakidza yaiva nezvitendero zvakaoma kunzwisisa uye zvakadzika midzi. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera miitiro yavo yorudzidziso, tinogona kutanga kunzwisisa zvakawanda pamusoro peiyi budiriro yekare uye zvakavanzika zvavaichengeta.
Kunyangarika kusinganzwisisike kwaAnasazi
Kubudirira kweAnasazi itsika inonakidza uye isinganzwisisike iyo yakavhiringidza vanyori venhoroondo kwemazana emakore. Vakagadzira zvivakwa zvavo zvinoshamisa, hurongwa hwemigwagwa hwakaoma, hunyanzvi uye tsika dzinoshamisa, uye mararamiro akasiyana, zvisinei, munenge muna 1300 AD, budiriro yeAnasazi yakangoerekana yanyangarika kubva munhoroondo, ichisiya matongo avo nezvigadzirwa zvavo. Kunyangarika kweAnasazi ndechimwe chezvakavanzika zvikuru muNorth America yekuchera matongo. Pasinei nedzidziso dzakawanda dzinonakidza, kusanganisira kubatanidzwa kune dzimwe nyika, dzakaiswa mberi, hapana anoziva zvechokwadi kuti nei Anasazi yakanyangarika.
Vamwe vaongorori vanotenda kuti vakamanikidzwa kuenda nekuda kwezvakatipoteredza zvakaita sekusanaya kwemvura kana nzara. Vamwe vanodavira kuti vakatamira kune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvichida kure seSouth America. Kunyange zvakadaro, vamwe vanodavira kuti vakaparadzwa nehondo kana kuti nehosha. Imwe yedzidziso dzinonakidza ndeyekuti Anasazi vaive vabatwa nekubudirira kwavo. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanotenda kuti nzira dzekudiridza dzeAnasazi dzepamusoro dzakaita kuti vashandise ivhu zvakanyanya uye vapedze zviwanikwa zvavo, uye ipapo. kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze pakupedzisira zvakakonzera kuparara kwavo.
Vamwe vanodavira kuti vanaAnasazi vangave vakave vanyajambwa vezvitendero zvavo vamene zvorudzidziso kana kuti zvematongerwe enyika. Pasinei nedzidziso dzakawanda, kunyangarika kweAnasazi kunoramba kuri chakavanzika. Chatinoziva ndechekuti vanaAnasazi vakasiya nhaka yakapfuma yetsika inoramba ichitinetsa uye kutikurudzira nhasi. Kuburikidza neunyanzvi hwavo, mavakirwo, uye midziyo yehari, tinogona kuona nyika yakapfuura kare asi isingakanganwiki.
Ndivo vaPuebloans vemazuva ano vazukuru veAnasazi here?
MaPuebloans, kana vanhu vePueblo, maNative America muSouthwestern United States vanogovana zvakafanana zvekurima, zvekushandisa, uye zvechitendero. Pakati pePueblos inogarwa panguva ino, Taos, San Ildefonso, Acoma, Zuni, uye Hopi mamwe anonyanya kuzivikanwa. Vanhu vePueblo vanotaura mitauro kubva kumhuri ina dzemitauro yakasiyana, uye Pueblo imwe neimwe inoparadzaniswa netsika nehukama hwehukama uye maitiro ekurima, kunyange zvazvo vose vachirima marudzi echibage.
Tsika dzeAncestral Puebloan dzakakamurwa kuita nzvimbo nhatu huru kana matavi, zvichienderana nenzvimbo:
- Chaco Canyon (kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweNew Mexico)
- Kayenta (kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweArizona)
- Northern San Juan (Mesa Verde uye Hovenweep National Monument - maodzanyemba akadziva kumadokero kweColorado uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweUtah)
Mazuva ano Pueblo oral tsika dzinobata kuti maAncestral Puebloans akabva ku sipapu, kwavakabuda kubva kunyika yepasi. Kwemakore asingazivikanwi, vaitungamirirwa nemadzishe uye vachitungamirirwa nemidzimu sezvavaipedza kutama kukuru mukondinendi yose yeNorth America. Vakatanga kugara munzvimbo dzeAncestral Puebloan kwemazana mashoma emakore vasati vatamira kunzvimbo dzavari.
Nokudaro, zvakajeka kuti vanhu vePueblo vakagara muAmerica Southwest kwemireniyamu uye vanobva kuAncestral Pueblo vanhu. Kune rumwe rutivi, izwi rokuti Anasazi dzimwe nguva rinoshandiswa kureva madzitateguru ePueblo, asi ikozvino inonyanya kudziviswa. Nokuti Anasazi ishoko rechiNavajo rinoreva Vakare kana Muvengi Wekare, saka Pueblo kurambwa kwevanhu kwairi.
mhedziso
Mukupedzisa, Anasazi yakanga iri budiriro yakasiana, yakasimukira uye isinganzwisisike iyo yakasiya zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokatyamadza uye zvinoorora zvezvivakwa, zvenyeredzi, uye zvomudzimu. Pasinei nezvavakaita, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvevanhu veAnasazi. Tsika nemararamiro avo zvinoramba zviri chakavanzika, uye vanyori venhoroondo nevanochera matongo vanogara vachiedza kubatanidza mazano kuti vadzidze zvakawanda nezvebudiriro yekare. Chatinoziva ndechokuti vakanga vari varimi vane unyanzvi, vavhimi, uye vaunganidzi, uye vaigara mutsinhirano nenyika, vachishandisa pfuma yayo nenzira inorarama.
Nekudaro, chakavanzika chekubva kwavo kamwe kamwe kubva mudunhu chinoramba chisina kugadziriswa, zvakadaro nhaka yavo inogona kuonekwa mutsika dzemadzinza echiHopi nhasi. Asi izvi hazvina kukwana kuratidza kuti Anasazi vakangorongedza mabhegi avo ndokuenda kune imwe nzvimbo. Unyanzvi hwavo hwouinjiniya nokuvaka, pamwe chete nokunzwisisa kwavo zvinhu zviri muchadenga, hwakanga husingashamisi kana tichifunga nezvenguva yavakararama. Nyaya yeAnasazi inoshanda sechipupuriro cheuchenjeri uye kugadzirwa kwevanhu, uye chiyeuchidzo chenhoroondo yedu yakagovana nevanhu vekare vakauya pamberi pedu.
