Mahwendefa ecuneiform akawanikwa paNinevhe anosanganisira ruzivo runonakidza nezve hofori, mhuka dzinoshamisa, uye ngarava dzinoshamisa dzinobhururuka. Uruk inoenderera mberi nekubata zvakavanzika zvevanhu zvakawanda, inokatyamadza yechinyakare yechinyakare nechero nyowani yekuchera nenyaya dzakavanzwa kwatiri kwemakumi emakore.
Uruk raive guta rakabudirira kumaodzanyemba kwemupata werwizi, pamahombekombe eYufratesi, uye budiriro yaro yakawedzera muMesopotamiya kuti ive guta rekutanga uye rakakurumbira pasi rose. Nzvimbo yevatongi vengano saGilgamesh.
Mwari aive kure kure nezvatinoziva se "munhu" uye zvakanyanya kufanana nechakavanzika chisikwa. Asi, tisati tasvika kuGilgamesh, tinofanirwa kutanga takurukura nezvekutanga kweimwe yemagariro ekare asinganzwisisike.
Kwakatangira uye kuwanikwa kwaUruk
Yakawanikwa muna 1849 nekuda kwaWilliam Loftus, kunyangwe hazvo chokwadi chekuti vanochera matongo vane mukurumbira havana kusvika kusvika muzana ramakore rakatevera; 1912-1913. Julius Jordan pamwe neEast Germany Society vakawana iyo tembere yeIshtar panguva iyoyo, vachishamisika nemifananidzo yayo yeadobe nezvidhinha.
Asi chakanyanya kumushamisa aive matongo erusvingo rwekare rwakafukidza guta rese kweanopfuura makore zviuru zvitatu BC, izvo, maererano nezvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi, zvakasvika pamusoro pemamita gumi nemashanu pakureba uye hwaive hunopfuura makiromita mapfumbamwe emadziro akavakwa naMambo Gilgamesh .
Muma1950, Heinrich Lenzen akawana mamwe mahwendefa akanyorwa mumutauro weSumerian uye akanyorwa kubva kuma3,300 XNUMX BC uye akatsanangura Uruk sedhorobha rekutanga raishandisa kunyora senzira yakajairika yekutaurirana muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva.
Zvese izvi zvakawanikwa zvakaratidza, zvakapesana chaizvo nezvakatendwa nemunhu wese panguva iyoyo, kuti Uruk yakava, kwete chete pekutanga pekugara kwevanhu mumaguta, asi zvakare musimboti wenzanga, ine simba rehupfumi rakapfuma kupfuura chero munhu. Uye zvakare, yakamira pachena mukuteedzana kwetembere dzakashongedzwa mumaziggurat nemumizinda, vangangoita makumi masere evagari, ichiita iro guta rekutanga papasi.
Nei akamira kupfuura vamwe?
Munhoroondo yayo yese, Uruk yakagarawo kuburikidza nematanho akasiyana, hwaro hwayo hugaro hweNeolithic wakakomberedza zviuru zvishanu BC, ichiita guta rine simba, rakasimukira uye rine simba pakati pe5,000 ne4,000 BC, kusvika pakudonha kwavo mushure ma3,000 AD Kunyangwe zvakadaro, simba raUruk yakanga iine simba kwazvo, zvekuti zvinotora nhambo yenguva kutakura zita rake, ichichiita iro guta guru rine simba munzanga dzevanhu.
Zvisinei, hazvisati zvazivikanwa kuti Uruk akasvika sei pakuva musimboti wenzanga uye aive nekutonga kwakanyanya. Simba rake rehupfumi raizivikanwa, nyika dzakakwana dzaivepo mumupata wenzizi mbiri, izvo chaizvo zvakaita kuti arime chikafu chakanakisa mudunhu iri.
Zvichida izvi zvakakwezva vanhu vazhinji (izvo zvingadai zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwakanyanya) vakapinda mukuronga kwemaguta, vachigadzira bhizinesi nematunhu akasiyana, zvichiita kuti vanhu vasade kurwira raramo yavo, ichivapa mukana wekuti vazvipire mamwe mabasa, vachigadzira ese marudzi yemabasa, mapato, hunyanzvi uye nezvimwe.
Asi zvinotendwawo mumazano edzidziso (vafundisi vevazivi venyeredzi vekare, mamwe maororist nevamwe vasingatendi munhoroondo sezvatakaudzwa) kuti aive nehumwari "simba", iro risiri repasi rino.
Nhau dzinoshamisa uye dzisingatsanangurike dzavamwari
Kwakatangira guta iri repamberi yaive Enmerkar, munhu anga ari muziso remhepo kwenguva yakareba nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakati. Zacharias Sitchin, mumwe wevakadzidza vekare, anototaura nezvekukakavadzana pakati peEnmerkar naIshe weAratta.
Gakava rakapera nedutu guru rakakonzera kusanaya kwemvura kunotyisa kwakapinda Aratta, iyo Enmerkar yaida kutora mukana wekukunda humambo.
Ishe weAratta, maererano nezvakataurwa, akazivisa zvinotevera: “Inanna, mambokadzi wenyika, haana kusiya imba yake muAratta; usatorere Aratta kuna Erek. Inanna aive mwarikadzi aifamba mu "spaceship" yake, uye anogona kuoneka mumiririro sekunge aifamba nemhando yechikepe.
Gigalmesh, epic yekutanga yevanhu
Mahwendefa ecuneiform akawanikwa muNinevhe anotaura nyaya hofori, zvikara zvisinganzwisisike uye, chokwadika, zvisinganzwisisike ngarava dzinobhururuka. Pakati peizvi zvese, chinonyanya kushamisa ndecheGilgamesh, inofungidzirwa sedumwa rekaresa revanhu, kunyangwe kupfuura Testamente Yekare, iyo yakanyora zvakajeka nyaya yayo nezvekusika, ichichinja zita rekuti Gilgamesh kuti Noa.
Aive makore zviuru zvishanu apfuura akatonga Uruk zvine chisimba, uye kuti mamwe magwaro ezvakaitika kare anomuratidza semumwe munhu akange aripo zvechokwadi, asi aine yakanaka uye isingazivikanwe mavambo.
Nehurombo, nhoroondo yayo yakazara haina kupona nekufamba kwenguva, asi izvo zvinogona kunzwisiswa mune mamwe mapiritsi akawanikwa, inoratidza nhoroondo yekurwira, hupenyu uye kufa. VaSumeriya vaifunga kuti Gilgamesh ndiye "murume (chimiro kana munhu) uyo zvinhu zvese zvaizivikanwa kwaari (ruzivo rusina muganho)". Ivo vakati yaive hybrid pakati pevamwari "vakabva kudenga" nevanhu.
Uye zvakare, ivo vanotaura kuti yakanga isina hurema; apo vanamwari pavakazvisika, zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvaMwari uye chetatu chevanhu zvakaita. Kugadzira munhu akakwana. Sezvataona, ndima zhinji kubva ku "nhoroondo yedu", inotaurwa necheruzivo rwezvinocherwa mumatongo uye orthodox uye nhoroondo yechinyakare, inovanza zvakawanda nezve kwatakabva. Uruk muenzaniso wakajeka weizvi, pamwe nenyaya dzake pamusoro pevamwari izvo zvinoita kuti tishamise kana paive pasina "simba" kupfuura izvo zvatinoziva.
