Enisaikoropidhiya ine mazita anonakidza “Zvakavanzika Zvekare”, “Zvirahwe zveNhau”, mapurogiramu mazhinji eterevhizheni achitaura nezvezvakasiyana zvakawanikwa nevanochera matongo - ndozvakaita murume wemazuva ano kuziva zvakavanzika zvevanhu vaigara mireniyoni yapfuura.
Nekudaro, zvakavanzika zvakawanda zvetsika dzakasiyana zvinogona kunyura mukukanganisika, nekuti hapana chakasara chekugara kwekare. Vatsvagiri havamire zvishoma nezvishoma kuunganidza iyo mosaic yehupenyu hwebudiriro yakanyangarika, asi nguva haina tsitsi, uye zvinova zvakanyanya kuoma kutsvaga mhinduro kumibvunzo inonakidza.
Maya (2000 BC - 900 AD)
Vanhu vaimbove-vane simba vakavaka maguta makuru vakaviga zvakavanzika zvavo zvakawanda kuseri kwechidzitiro chenguva. VaMaya vanozivikanwa kuve vakagadzira yavo yekunyora maitiro, vakagadzira yakaoma karenda, uye vaive nemafomura avo ekuverenga masvomhu. Ivo zvakare vaive nemidziyo yavo yeinjiniya, iyo yavakamisa nayo matembere makuru epiramidhi uye vakagadzira masisitimu ekudiridza eminda yavo yekurima.
Kusvika ikozvino, masayendisiti ari kukwikwidza huropi hwavo pamusoro pezvaigona kunge zvakakonzera kutsakatika kweichi hupenyu. Mushure mezvose, vaMaya vakatanga kurasikirwa nesimba ravo nguva refu pamberi pekutanga kweEurope kutsika nyika dzanhasi dzeCentral America. Zvinoenderana nekufungidzira kwevaongorori, iko kuchinja kwezviitiko kwakakonzerwa nehondo dzevashandi vekunze, nekuda kweizvozvo maguta ekare aive asiyiwa.
Indian (Harrap) budiriro (3300 BC - ingangoita 1300 BC)
Panguva yekuvapo kwebudiriro iyi, vaigara muIndus Valley panguva iyoyo - vangangoita gumi muzana yevagari vepasi. Ibudiriro yeIndia inonzi zvakare hupfumi hweHarappan (mushure mezita repakati payo - guta reHarappa). Ava vanhu vane simba vaive neyakagadzirwa metallurgia indasitiri. Vakanga vane yavo tsamba, iyo, zvinosuruvarisa, inoramba iri imwe yezvakavanzika zvebudiriro iyi.
Asi makore zviuru zvitatu nehafu apfuura, vazhinji vevaHarappans vakasarudza kuenda kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva, vachisiya maguta avo. Sekureva kwemasayendisiti, chikonzero chakanyanya kuita chechisarudzo ichi kwaive kushata kwemamiriro ekunze. Mumazana mashoma emakore, vagari vacho vakakanganwa nezve zvakaitwa nemadzitateguru avo. Yekupedzisira yekupedzisira yekurova kuHarappan budiriro yakaitwa nevaAryan, avo vakaparadza vamiriri vekupedzisira vevanhu ava vaimbova nesimba.
Rapanui budiriro paIsita Island (munenge muna 1200 AD - kutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 17)
Ichi chidimbu chenyika chakarasika mugungwa chakazvikomberedza nechero huwandu hwakawanda hwezvakavanzika uye nengano. Kusvika parizvino, mumatunhu evadzidzi, nharo dzinoenderera pamusoro pekuti ndiani akatanga kuzadza chitsuwa ichi. Sekureva kweimwe yeshanduro, vagari vekutanga veRapa Nui (sekudaidzwa kwevagari vayo Easter Island) vaive vatorwa kubva kuEastern Polynesia, vakafamba nechikepe pano kuma 300 AD. pazvikepe zvikuru uye zvakasimba.
Chinenge hapana chinozivikanwa nezve hupenyu hwekare budiriro yeRapanui. Chiyeuchidzo chete chesimba rapfuura revanhu ava mifananidzo mikuru yematombo emamoi, anga achichengetedza chinyararire chinyararire kwemazana emakore.
Çatalhöyük (7100 BC - 5700 BC)
Iro metropolis yekare kwazvo munyika. Zvinonzwika zvinoshamisa, handizvo here? Çatalhöyük yakavakwa panguva yepamberi yeNeolithic budiriro (anopfuura zviuru zvipfumbamwe nehafu zvemakore apfuura) munzvimbo iyo yazvino Turkey iripo.
Iri guta raive neakasarudzika mavakirwo enguva idzodzo: pakanga pasina migwagwa, dzimba dzese dzaive padyo nepedyo, uye waifanira kupinda nadzo nepadenga. Masayendisiti akadana metropolis yekare Çatalhöyük nokuda kwechikonzero - vanhu vanenge zviuru gumi vaigara mairi. Chii chakaita kuti vasiye guta ravo rakaisvonaka makore anenge zviuru zvinomwe apfuura hazvisati zvazivikanwa.
Cahokia (300 BC - 14th century AD)
Izvo chete zviyeuchidzo zveiyi yekare budiriro yeIndia ndiwo mhemberero dzemakomo, ayo ari mudunhu reIllinois (USA). Kwenguva refu, Cahokia akachengeta chinzvimbo cheguta rakakura kwazvo muNorth America: nzvimbo yemuganhu uyu yaive 15 mativi emakiromita, uye pano zviuru makumi mana zvevanhu. Sekureva kwemasayendisiti, vanhu vakasarudza kusiya guta rine mukurumbira nekuda kwekuti paive nematambudziko makuru nehutsanana, nekuda kwekuti pakaonekwa nzara nematenda.
Göbekli Tepe (angangoita makore zviuru gumi nemaviri)
Iyi tembere ichiri chakavanzika chimiro. Chinhu chega chatinoziva nezvacho ndechekuti yakavakwa makore zviuru gumi zvisati zvaitika BC. Iro zita risinganzwisisike reiyi yakaoma, iri munharaunda yeTurkey, rinoshandurwa se "Gomo rine belu". Parizvino, zvikamu zvishanu chete kubva muzana zvechimiro zvakaongororwa, saka vanochera matongo havasati vawana mhinduro dzemibvunzo yakawanda.
Humambo hweKhmer (munenge muna 802-1431 AD)
Angkor Wat ndiyo inonyanya kukwezva kuCambodia. Uye kamwe, muna 1000-1200 AD, guta reAngkor raive guta guru rehumambo hweKhmer. Sekureva kwevaongorori, kugarwa uku kunogona kuve kwakakura kwazvo pasi rose panguva imwechete - huwandu hwayo hwaive hwakaenzana nemiriyoni imwe chete yevanhu.
Masayendisiti ari kuongorora akati wandei ezvikonzero zvezvikonzero zvekuderera kwehukuru hweKhmer Humambo - kubva kuhondo kuenda kune njodzi yechisikigo. Izvo zvakanyanya kuoma kudzidza matongo eAngkor nhasi nekuti mazhinji acho akazara nesango risingapfuure.
Dzinza raGurid (879 - 1215 AD)
Nhasi chete Jam minaret inoyeuchidza nezveguta reFiruzkuh, iro raive guta guru rehumambo hwekare hweGurids. Kubudirira kwakanyangarika kwaigara munzvimbo hombe panguva iyoyo (iyo nharaunda yemazuva ano Afghanistan, Iran nePakistan).
Kubva kumeso kwepasi, guta guru revaGurids rakakukurwa neuto reGenghis Khan. Nekuda kwekuti iyo minaret iri munzvimbo yeAfghan, kudzidza kwayo kunowedzera kuoma, uye basa rekuchera munzvimbo ino harisati ratanga.
Guta rekare reNiya (panguva yekuvapo kweGreat Silk Road, munenge muzana ramakore regumi nemashanu AD)
Ikozvino kune renje munzvimbo yaNiya, uye pakutanga yaive oasis chaiyo apo vafambi vaitakura zvinhu munzira yeGreat Silk Road vaida kuzorora. Zvisaririra zveguta rekare zvakavigwa pasi pejecha zvakawanikwa nevanochera matongo munguva pfupi yapfuura.
Vakachera Nia yekare, vanochera matongo vakafara, nekuti munzvimbo ino vakakwanisa kuwana zvisaririra zvevanhu vazhinji vaitengesa munzira yeSilika. Nhasi, vesaenzi vanoramba vachishingairira kudzidza Niyu, kuderera kwacho kwakabatana nekurasikirwa kwechido mumugwagwa mukuru wezvekutengesa.
Guta paNabta Playa (anenge 4000 BC)
Ruzivo rwakasimukira rwakambogara muSahara Desert, iro rakakwanisa kuvaka yavo prototype yeakarenda rezvemuchadenga, rinova makore ane chiuru kudarika rakakurumbira pasi rose Stonehenge. Vagari vemupata wegungwa rekare reNabta Playa vaifanira kusiya mupata nekuda kweshanduko inoshamisa yemamiriro ekunze, iyo yaive yave kuita yakaoma.
