Kwa zaka zambiri, chithunzi cha Venus Of Willendorf chakhala chikopa asayansi. Chibolibolichi chomwe chinapangidwa zaka pafupifupi 30,000 zapitazo ndi chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zakale kwambiri za luso lojambula anthu ndipo amati ndi nthawi ya Upper Paleolithic, yopangidwa ndi osaka osamukasamuka.
Mu 1908, pofukula pafupi ndi mudzi wa Willendorf ku Lower Austria, chifanizo cha 11.1-centimeter-(4.4 mu) chodziwika kuti 'Venus of Willendorf' chinapezeka. Kuyimira kwa amayi olemera kwambiri kapena oyembekezera, omwe amapezeka m'mabuku ambiri a mbiri yakale, adatanthauziridwa kwa nthawi yaitali ngati zizindikiro za chonde kapena kukongola.
Ku yunivesite ya Colorado School of Medicine, Richard Johnson, MD adati mu 2020 kuti adapeza deta yokwanira kuti athetse vuto lozungulira chithunzi cha Venus of Willendorf. Malinga ndi Johnson, chinsinsi chomvetsetsa malamulowa chagona pakusintha kwanyengo komanso zakudya.
"Zina mwazojambula zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi zifanizo zachinsinsi za akazi onenepa kwambiri kuyambira nthawi ya osaka osaka ku Ice Age Europe komwe simungayembekezere kuwona kunenepa konse," adatero Johnson. "Tikuwonetsa kuti zifanizirozi zimagwirizana ndi nthawi zamavuto azakudya."
Gulu lofufuza, lotsogozedwa ndi katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu Gerhard Weber wa ku yunivesite ya Vienna, ndipo linapangidwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka Alexander Lukeneder ndi Mathias Harzhauser, ndi katswiri wa mbiri yakale Walpurga Antl-Weiser wochokera ku Natural History Museum Vienna, agwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za tomographic zowoneka bwino kwambiri kuti apeze zinthu kuchokera. chimene Venus anajambula ayenera kuti chinachokera kumpoto kwa Italy. Kupeza kochititsa chidwi kumeneku kukuwonetsa kuyenda kwa anthu amakono pakati pa kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa Alps.
Chithunzi cha Venus, chomwe chili ndi zaka 30,000, chimapangidwa kuchokera ku oolite, mtundu wa mwala womwe supezeka pafupi ndi Willendorf. Venus von Willendorf ndi wapadera osati kokha mwa kamangidwe kake komanso muzinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Zithunzi zina za Venus nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera ku minyanga ya njovu, fupa, kapena miyala yosiyanasiyana, komabe Venus ya ku Lower Austrian Venus inapangidwa kuchokera ku oolite, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosiyana pakati pa zinthu zachipembedzo.
Mu 1908, chifaniziro chinapezeka ku Wachau ndipo tsopano chikuwonetsedwa mu Natural History Museum ku Vienna. Komabe, mpaka pano, adangophunziridwa kuchokera kunja. Katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu Gerhard Weber wochokera ku yunivesite ya Vienna tsopano wagwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano yowunika zamkati mwake: micro-computed tomography. Zojambulazo zimakhala ndi malingaliro ofikira 11.5 ma micrometer, omwe nthawi zambiri amangowoneka kudzera pa microscope. Kupeza koyamba ndikuti "Venus samawoneka ngati yunifolomu mkati. Katundu wapadera womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kudziwa komwe unachokera,” akutero katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Alexander Lukeneder ndi Mathias Harzhauser ochokera ku Natural History Museum ku Vienna, omwe adagwirapo kale ntchito ndi oolite, adagwirizana ndi gulu kuti lifufuze ndi kuyerekezera zitsanzo zochokera ku Austria ndi Ulaya. Ntchito yovuta kwambiri, gululo linatenga miyala kuchokera ku France kupita kum'maŵa kwa Ukraine, kuchokera ku Germany mpaka ku Sicily, n'kuidula ndi kuipenda ndi maikulosikopu. Zowunikirazi zidatheka chifukwa chandalama zoperekedwa ndi boma la Lower Austria.
Mkatimo umaperekanso chidziwitso cha kunja
Zomwe zalembedwa kuchokera ku Venus zikuwonetsa kuti dothi lomwe limayikidwa m'miyala limasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kukula kwake ndi kachulukidwe. Pamodzi ndi izi, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta zipolopolo ndi njere zisanu ndi imodzi zazikulu, zokhuthala zotchedwa 'limonites' zinapezekanso. Izi zikufotokoza za minyewa ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya kukula kofanana pamwamba pa Venus: “Malimoni olimba mwina anatulukira pamene mlengi wa Venus anali kusema,” akufotokoza motero Weber. "Pankhani ya mchombo wa Venus, ndiye kuti adaupanga kukhala wabwino chifukwa chofunikira."
Kupeza kwina: Venus oolite ndi porous chifukwa ma globules (ooides) mamiliyoni ambiri omwe amapangidwa anali atasungunuka. Izi zidapangitsa kuti chikhale chinthu chofunikira kwa wosema zaka 30,000 zapitazo, chifukwa chimakhala chosavuta kugwira nacho. Chigoba chaching'ono, mamilimita 2.5 okha m'litali, chinapezedwanso ndipo chinalembedwa nthawi ya Jurassic. Izi sizinaphatikizepo kuthekera kwa thanthwe kukhala gawo la nyengo ya geological ya Miocene ku Vienna Basin.
Ofufuzawo anafufuza bwinobwino kukula kwa mbewu za zitsanzo zina. Anagwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu okonza zithunzi ndikuwerengera pamanja ndikuyeza masauzande ambewu imodzi. Palibe zitsanzo zomwe zili pamtunda wa makilomita 200 ku Willendorf zomwe zimafanana patali. Kufufuzaku kunasonyeza kuti zitsanzo zochokera ku Venus zinali zofanana ndi zomwe zinachokera kumpoto kwa Italy pafupi ndi nyanja ya Garda. Izi ndi zodabwitsa, kutanthauza kuti Venus (kapena zinthu zake) inayamba ulendo wake kuchokera kum'mwera kwa Alps kupita ku Danube kumpoto kwa Alps.
"Anthu aku Gravettian - chikhalidwe cha zida za nthawiyo - adayang'ana ndikukhala malo abwino. Nyengo kapena nyama zikasintha, zinkangoyendayenda, makamaka m’mitsinje,” akufotokoza motero Gerhard Weber. Ulendo woterewu ukanatenga mibadwo yambiri.
Zaka zingapo zapitazo, ofufuza anayerekezera njira imodzi mwa njira ziwiri zoyambira kum’mwera kupita kumpoto, n’kutenga njira yozungulira mapiri a Alps ndi kukafika ku Pannonian Plain. Njira ina, komabe, ikanadutsa kumapiri a Alps, ngakhale sizikudziwika ngati izi zinali zotheka zaka zoposa 30,000 zapitazo chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa nyengo panthawiyo. Njira iyi sikanakhala yosatheka ngati pakanakhala madzi oundana mosalekeza panthawiyo. Kupatulapo makilomita 35 ku Lake Reschen, ulendo wautali wa makilomita 730 m’mphepete mwa Etsch, Inn, ndi Danube unali utakhala pansi pa 1000 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
Zotheka, koma zocheperako, kulumikizana kummawa kwa Ukraine
Deta ikuwonetsa kuti kumpoto kwa Italy ndi komwe kumachokera mwala wa Venus oolite. Komabe, kum’maŵa kwa Ukraine kulinso chiyambi china, chomwe chili pamtunda wa makilomita oposa 1,600 kuchokera ku Willendorf. Zitsanzo sizikufanana ndendende ndi zomwe zikuchokera ku Italy, koma bwino kuposa zina zilizonse. Kuonjezera apo, ziwerengero za Venus zinali kumwera kwa Russia pafupi, zomwe ndi zazing'ono koma zikuwoneka zofanana kwambiri ndi Venus yomwe imapezeka ku Austria. Komanso, zotsatira za majini zimasonyeza kuti anthu a ku Central ndi Eastern Europe anali ogwirizana panthaŵiyo.
Nkhani yosangalatsa ya Venus waku Austrian ikhoza kupitirizidwa. Pakalipano, ndi owerengeka chabe a maphunziro a sayansi omwe adafufuza za kukhalapo kwa anthu oyambirira m'dera la Alpine komanso ndi kuyenda kwawo. Mwachitsanzo, “Ötzi” wotchuka, anayambira zaka 5,300 zapitazo. Mothandizidwa ndi zotsatira za Venus ndi maukonde atsopano ofufuza a Vienna a Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, mogwirizana ndi anthropology, Archaeology, ndi maphunziro ena, Weber akufuna kuwunikira kwambiri mbiri yakale ya dera la Alpine.
Phunzirolo lidasindikizidwa koyamba m'magazini Scientific Reports pa February 28, 2022.
Pambuyo powerenga za Venus Of Willendorf, werengani za Kodi zifaniziro za Vinča zazaka 5,000 zachikale zingakhale umboni wa mphamvu zakuthambo?
