ʻO ka Ebers Papyrus kahi moʻolelo olakino mai ʻAigupita kahiko e hāʻawi ana ma kahi o 842 mau lāʻau no nā maʻi a me nā ulia pōpilikia. Ua kia i ka puʻuwai, i ka ʻōnaehana hanu, a me ka maʻi kō.
ʻO ka Papyrus kokoke i 68 kapuaʻi (21 mau mika) ka lōʻihi a me 12 ʻīniha (30 kenimika) ākea. Ke waiho ʻia nei i loko o ka Leipzig's University Library ma Kelemania. Māhele ʻia i nā lālani 22. Ua kapa ʻia ia ma hope o ka mea kaulana Egypt Egypt ʻo Georg Ebers a manaʻo ʻia i hana ʻia ma waena o 1550 a me 1536 BC i ka wā o ke aliʻi ʻAigupita ʻo Amenopis I.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka Ebers Papyrus kekahi o nā palapala olakino kahiko loa o ʻAigupita. Hāʻawi ia i kahi ʻike aniani i ka lāʻau Aigupita Kahiko a hōʻike i kahi hoʻohui o ka ʻepekema (ʻike ʻia ʻo ke ʻano kūpono) a me ka hoʻomana kilokilo (ʻike ʻia me ke ʻano noʻonoʻo ʻole). Ua nānā ākea ʻia a unuhi hou ʻia ma kahi o ʻelima mau manawa, a ʻike ʻia me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi ʻike nui i ka honua moʻomeheu o ʻAigupita kahiko ma waena o ka 14th a me ka 16th BC.
ʻOiai ʻo ka Ebers Papyrus kahi waiwai o ka ʻike olakino, aia wale nō kahi mau hōʻike e pili ana i ka ʻike. Ua kapa ʻia ia ma mua ʻo Assasif Medical Papyrus o Thebes ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana e Georg Ebers. He mea hoihoi ia e aʻo pehea i lilo ai i ka lima o Geog Ebers e like me ke aʻo ʻana e pili ana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻuhane e kūkākūkā ai.
ʻO ka moemoeā & ka moʻolelo o ka Ebers Papyrus
Wahi a nā kaʻao, ua komo ʻo Georg Ebers a me kāna mea kākoʻo waiwai ʻo Herr Gunther i kahi hale kūʻai hōʻiliʻili e holo ʻia e kahi mea hōʻiliʻili i kapa ʻia ʻo Edwin Smith ma Luxor (Thebes) i ka 1872. Ua lohe ke kaiāulu Egyptology ua loaʻa ʻē ʻia iā Assasif Medical Papyrus.
I ka hōʻea ʻana o Ebers lāua ʻo Gunther, ua nīnau lāua e pili ana i kā Smith koi. Ua hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou e Smith e kahi papyrus lapaʻau i wahī ʻia i ka lole mummy. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ua ʻike ʻia ma waena o nā wāwae o kahi mummy ma ka moku ʻo Theban necropolis 'El-Assasif. Me ka makemake ʻole hou, ua kūʻai ʻo Ebers lāua ʻo Gunther i ka papyrus lapaʻau a i ka 1875, ua paʻi lāua ma ka inoa Facsimile.
ʻOiai he hoʻopaʻapaʻa inā he pono maoli nā papyrus lāʻau lapaʻau ʻo Ebers a i ʻole he hana hoʻopunipuni paʻakikī, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ka mea i loaʻa iā Georg Ebers ka papyrus Assasif a hoʻomaka e kākau i kekahi o nā huaʻōlelo olakino nui loa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka mōʻaukala.
Ua hana ʻia nā papyrus lapaʻau e Ebers i kahi paʻi kiʻi paʻi kiʻi ʻelua-leo, piha me kahi hieroglyphic English i ka unuhi Latina. Ua puka mai ka unuhi Kelemania a Joachim ma hope koke iho o kona paʻi ʻia ʻana ma 1890, a ukali ʻia e kā H. Wreszinski unuhi ʻana i ka hieratic i hieroglyphics ma 1917.
ʻEhā mau unuhi Pelekane hou o ka Ebers Papyrus i hoʻopau ʻia: ʻo ka mea mua na Carl Von Klein ma 1905, ka lua na Cyril P. Byron i ka makahiki 1930, ʻo ke kolu na Bendiz Ebbel ma 1937, a ʻo ka ʻehā na ke kauka a me ka ʻepekema Paul Ghalioungui. ʻO kā Kope ʻo Ghalioungui ka unuhi piha loa o ka papyrus. ʻIʻike ʻia kekahi o nā puke waiwai nui ma ka Ebers Papyrus.
I loko nō o kekahi mau hoʻāʻo e wehewehe pono i ka Ebers Papyrus, mau ka papyrus i ka haʻalele aku i nā Egyptologists mākaukau loa. Ua loaʻa kahi nui o nā hoʻōla mai ka mea i unuhi ʻia i nā makahiki 200 i hala iho nei, e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike i ka lāhui o ʻAigupita kahiko.
Nā Papahana Ebers: He aha kā mākou i aʻo ai?
E like me ka mea i hōʻike mua ʻia, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka honua lapaʻau ʻAigupita i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: "nā hana kūpono," ʻo ia nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i nā loina ʻepekema o kēia wā, a me nā "ʻano hana naʻaupō," e pili ana i nā manaʻo magico-haipule e pili ana i nā amulet, incantations, a me nā kilokilo kākau e kamaʻilio ana i ka wā kahiko. Nā akua ʻAigupita. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, aia kekahi pilina koʻikoʻi i ka manawa ma waena o ka hoʻokalakupua, ka hoʻomana, a me ke olakino olakino ma ke ʻano he ʻike holoʻokoʻa. ʻAʻohe mea e like me ka maʻi koʻohune a viral paha; ʻO ka huhū wale nō o nā akua.
ʻOiai ua kau ʻia ka Ebers Papyrus i ka 16th kenekulia BC (1550-1536 BC), ua hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike ʻōlelo e lawe ʻia ka ʻōlelo mai nā kumuwaiwai kahiko mai ka wā kahiko o ʻAigupita. (Mai 12 a 1995 BC). Ua kākau ʻia ka Ebers Papyrus i ka hieratic, kahi mana pōkole o nā hieroglyphics. He 1775 rubric kona (poʻo poʻo poʻomanaʻo) i ka ʻīnika ʻulaʻula, a ukali ʻia e ka hua ʻeleʻele.
Hana ʻia ka Ebers Papyrus i nā kolamu 108 i helu ʻia 1-110. Aia kēlā me kēia kolamu ma waena o 20 a me 22 laina o ka ʻōlelo. Hoʻopau ʻia ka palapala me kahi kalena e hōʻike ana ua kākau ʻia ia i ka makahiki ʻeiwa o Amenophis I, e hōʻike ana ua hana ʻia ia ma 1536 BC.
Loaʻa iā ia ka waiwai o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka anatomy a me ka physiology, ka lāʻau ʻona, nā kilokilo, a me ka mālama diabetic. Aia i waena o nā ʻano lāʻau i loko o ka puke nā mea no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā holoholona, nā mea kanu mea kanu, a me nā lāʻau make mineral.
ʻO ka hapanui o ka papyrus ke nānā aku i ka hoʻōla ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā poultices, nā lotion, a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe. Loaʻa iā ia he 842 ʻaoʻao o nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā kuhikuhi e hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia e hana i nā hui 328 no nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea iki e hōʻike ai ua loiloi ʻia kēia mau huikau i mua o ke kau lāʻau. Manaʻo kekahi he mea hoʻonāukiuki kēlā mau concoctions e ka pilina o nā mea me nā akua.
Wahi a nā hōʻike archaeological, mōʻaukala, a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ua loaʻa i nā kauka ʻAigupita kahiko ka ʻike a me nā hiki ke mālama pono i nā mea maʻi (nā lāʻau lapaʻau e pili ana i ke ʻano ʻepekema hou). Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka makemake e hoʻohui i nā loina magico-haipule (ʻano hana naʻaupō) he koi moʻomeheu paha ia. Inā holo ʻole nā noi hana, hiki i nā kauka lapaʻau kahiko ke huli i nā ala ʻuhane e wehewehe i ke kumu o ka hana ʻole o kahi lāʻau. Hiki ke loaʻa kahi laʻana i ka unuhi o kahi pela hoola anu.
“E kahe, ihu fetid, kahe i waho, e ke keiki a ka ihu ihu! E kahe, e ka mea haki iwi, hoʻopau i ka iwi poʻo a hōʻeha i nā puka ʻehiku o ke poʻo. (Ebers Papyrus, laina 763)
Ua nānā nui ka poʻe koʻAigupita kahiko i ka naʻau a me ka ʻōnaehana puʻuwai. Manaʻo lākou he kuleana ka naʻau no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i nā wai o ke kino e like me ke koko, ka waimaka, ka mimi, a me ka sperm. He ʻāpana ākea ka Ebers Papyrus i kapa ʻia ʻo "ka puke naʻau" e kikoʻī ana i ka lako o ke koko a me nā aʻa e hoʻopili i kēlā me kēia wahi o ke kino kanaka. Hōʻike pū kekahi i nā pilikia noʻonoʻo e like me ke kaumaha a me ka dementia ma ke ʻano he hopena nui o ka puʻuwai nāwaliwali.
ka papa paʻi pili pū kekahi nā mokuna e pili ana i ka gastritis, ʻike ʻana i ka hāpai ʻana, gynecology, contraceptive, parasites, nā pilikia o ka maka, nā ʻili, nā lāʻau ʻokiʻoki o nā puʻupuʻu malignant, a me ka hoʻonohonoho iwi.
Aia kekahi paukū kikoʻī i ka wehewehe a ka papyrus o kekahi mau maʻi a ka hapanui o ka poʻe loea i manaʻo ai he ʻōlelo kikoʻī ia e ʻike ai i ka maʻi kō. ʻO Bendix Ebbell, no ka laʻana, ua manaʻo ʻo Rubric 197 o ka Ebers Papyrus i kūlike i nā ʻōuli o ka maʻi diabetes. Penei kāna unuhi ʻana i ka ʻōlelo a Ebers:
"Inā ʻoe e nānā i kekahi mea maʻi (i) ke kikowaena o kona noho ʻana (a) ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi kona kino me ka maʻi ma kona palena; inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e nānā iā ia a ʻike ʻoe i ka maʻi i (kona kino koe wale no ka ʻaoʻao o kona iwi ʻaoʻao kahi e like ai nā lālā me kahi pila pono ʻoe e haʻi - he spell - e kūʻē i kēia maʻi i kou hale; pono ʻoe e hoʻomākaukau no ka ʻo ia nā mea hana no ka mālama ʻana: pōhaku koko o Elephantine, lepo; palaoa ʻulaʻula; carob; kuke i ka aila a me ka meli; pono ia e ʻai ʻia e ia i ke kakahiaka ʻehā no ke kaomi ʻana i kona make wai a no ka hoʻōla ʻana i kāna maʻi make. "(Ebers Papyrus, Rubric Helu 197, Kolamu 39, Lalani 7).
ʻOiai ʻo kekahi mau ʻāpana mai ka Ebers Papyrus i heluhelu e like me ka mele mele mystical i kekahi manawa, hōʻike lākou i nā hoʻāʻo mua i ka hōʻoia ʻana e like me nā mea i loaʻa i nā puke olakino o kēia manawa. ʻO ka Ebers Papyrus, e like me nā mea ʻē aʻe papyri, ʻaʻole pono e nānā ʻole ʻia e like me nā pule theoretical, akā ma ke ʻano he alakaʻi kūpono e pili ana i ka kaiāulu o ʻAigupita kahiko a me ka manawa. I ka manawa i manaʻo ʻia nā kaumaha kanaka e nā akua, ʻo kēia mau puke he lāʻau lapaʻau no nā maʻi a me nā ʻeha.
Hāʻawi ka Ebers Papyrus i ka ʻike nui i loko o kā mākou ʻike o ka wā kahiko o ʻAigupita. Me ka ʻole o ka Ebers Papyrus a me nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, he mummies wale nō nā mea ʻepekema a me nā mōʻaukala e hana pū ai. Kōkua paha kēia mau mea me nā ʻike empirical, akā me ka ʻole o nā palapala i kākau ʻia i ka honua i kā lākou mana o ka lāʻau, ʻaʻohe mea e pili ana i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka ʻāina ʻAigupita kahiko. Eia nō naʻe, eia nō ke kānalua nei e pili ana i ka pepa.
Ka kānalua
Hāʻawi ʻia i ka nui o ka hoʻāʻo e unuhi i ka Ebers Papyrus mai kona wā i loaʻa ai, ua manaʻo ʻia ua kuhi ʻia ka hapa nui o kāna mau huaʻōlelo ma muli o ke kolohe o kēlā me kēia mea unuhi.
ʻO ka Ebers Papyrus, e like me Rosalie David, ke poʻo o ke kikowaena KNH no biology Egyptology ma ke Kulanui o Manchester, makehewa paha. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Rosalie i kāna pepa ʻo Lancet 2008 e noiʻi nei Papyri ʻAigupita he kumu i kaupalena ʻia a paʻakikī hoʻi ma muli o ka hapa liʻiliʻi loa o ka hana i manaʻo ʻia mau ma loko o 3,000 mau makahiki o ka noho ʻana.
Ua hoʻomau ʻo David e ʻōlelo ua holo nā mea unuhi o kēia manawa i nā pilikia me ka ʻōlelo i loko o nā pepa. ʻIke pū ʻo ia i ka ʻike ʻana o nā huaʻōlelo a me nā unuhi i loaʻa i loko o hoʻokahi ʻatikala e kūʻē pinepine ana i nā palapala i unuhi ʻia i loaʻa i nā ʻatikala ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā unuhi, i kona kuanaʻike, pono e hoʻomau i ka exploratory a ʻaʻole e hoʻopau ʻia. Ma muli o nā pilikia i haʻi ʻia e Rosalie David, ua kau ka hapanui o ka poʻe akeakamai i ke kālailai ʻana i nā koena skeletal mummified o kēlā me kēia.
Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolokolo anatomical a me nā radiological ma luna o nā mummies ʻAigupita i nā hōʻike hou aʻe he mākaukau loa nā kauka ʻAigupita kahiko. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau hoʻokolohua i nā haʻihaʻi a me nā ʻokiʻoki i hoʻoponopono ʻia, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana he mākaukau nā kauka ʻAigupita kahiko i ke ʻoki a me ka ʻoki ʻana. Ua ʻike ʻia nō hoʻi he mākaukau ko ʻAigupita kahiko i ka hana ʻana i ka nui manamana wāwae hoʻokalakupua.
Ua kālailai ʻia nā ʻiʻo mummy, ka iwi, ka lauoho, a me nā laʻana o ka niho me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka histology, immune Kōkua ʻia kēia mau hoʻāʻo i ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi i loʻohia i ka poʻe mummified. Ua mālama ʻia kekahi mau maʻi i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā mumm i ʻeli ʻia me nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o ka papyri lapaʻau, e hōʻike ana i kekahi o nā lāʻau i kākau ʻia e like me ka Ebers Papyrus i kūleʻa.
ʻO nā papyri lāʻau lapaʻau, e like me ka Ebers Papyrus, hāʻawi i nā hōʻike no nā kumu o nā puke lapaʻau a me nā ʻepekema Egypt. E like me kā Veronica M. Pagan e kuhikuhi ai i kāna ʻatikala Neurosurgery World:
"Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau ʻōwili e hoʻoiho ai i ka ʻike mai kēlā hanauna a i kēia hanauna, malia paha mālama ʻia ma ka lima i ka wā o ke kaua a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kūmole i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻOiai me kēia mau ʻōwili kupaianaha, malia paha ma luna o kekahi kekelē, ua lawe waha ʻia ka ʻike lapaʻau mai ka haku a ka haumāna ”(Pagan, 2011)
ʻO ka ninaninau hou ʻia ʻana o ka Ebers Papyrus, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e noho nei, kōkua i nā kālaiʻike e ʻike i ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻuhane a me ka ʻepekema i ka ʻike mua o ka lāʻau lapaʻau ʻAigupita. Hāʻawi ia i kekahi e kiʻi i ka nui o ka ʻike ʻepekema i ʻike ʻia i ka wā ma mua a i hoʻoili ʻia i nā hanauna. He mea maʻalahi ke nānā ʻole i ka wā i hala a manaʻoʻiʻo ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea hou āpau i ke kenekulia iwakāluakūmālua, akā ʻaʻole paha pēlā ka hihia.
Nā'ōlelo hope
ʻO Rosalie David, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē, koi aku i ka noiʻi hou a kānalua i nā ʻōwili a me ko lākou hiki ke hoʻōla. Maʻalahi loa i kēlā me kēia kanaka i kēia lā e hoʻowahāwahā i nā lāʻau lapaʻau kahiko. Ua holomua nā holomua i mua a hiki i kahi a ka nā maʻi make loa a ʻo nā pilikia ma ka lihi o ka make. ʻO kēia mau hoʻomaikaʻi, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, mahalo wale ʻia e ka poʻe e noho ana i ke kenekulia iwakāluakūmākahi. E noʻonoʻo i ka manaʻo o ke kanaka mai ka makahiki 45th i nā hana o kēia lā.
Ma hope o nā mea āpau, he mea hoihoi loa ka nānā ʻana inā e ʻike ʻia nā kaʻina hana olakino o kēia au ma ke komohana.
"ʻO kahi concoction o ka hoʻomeheu moʻomeheu a me ka ideological i hoʻolālā ʻia e hōʻemi i nā maʻi i hulahula i kahi laina paʻa ma waena o kā lākou akua akua polytheistic a me ke akua ʻike ʻole ʻia i ʻike ʻia ʻo" ʻepekema. " Inā paha ua ʻike kēia mau poʻe ʻo ka pelupelu a me ka pākuʻi nā mea ola nui loa, ʻoi aku paha ia ma mua o nā neophytes 21st wale nō. "
ʻO kahi manaʻo e ʻike ai mākou i ka honua o kēia manawa he naʻaupō a hoʻowahāwahā ʻia, akā kahi a ko mākou mau kūpuna e manaʻo ai he ʻae kūpono a me archaeologically. Maliʻa koi ʻia ka pōʻaiapili no ka ʻAigupita kahiko ma keia mea. ʻO nā akua kahiko a me kā lākou hana hoʻōla he mea maoli i ko lākou honua.
