Ke hoʻoheheʻe nei nā mahana wela ma ka Arctic i ka permafrost o ka ʻāina - kahi papa maloʻo o ka lepo ma lalo o ka honua - a hiki ke hoʻōla hou i nā maʻi maʻi i moe ʻia no nā ʻumi kaukani makahiki.
ʻOiai ʻo kahi maʻi maʻi i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi maʻi mai ka wā i hala aku nei e like me ka manaʻo o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻepekema, ʻōlelo aʻe ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia nā pilikia, ʻuʻuku wale nō. I ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ʻōpala kemika a me ka radioactive mai ke Kaua anuanu, hiki ke hoʻopōʻino i nā ʻano mea a hoʻopilikia i nā kaiaola.
"He nui nā mea e pili ana i ka permafrost e hopohopo nei, a ke hōʻike maoli nei i ke kumu he mea nui loa ka mālama ʻana i ka nui o ka permafrost i hiki ke hiki," wahi a Kimberley Miner, he ʻepekema ʻepekema ma ka NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory ma ka Ke Kulanui o ʻenehana Kaleponi ma Pasadena, Kaleponi.
Aia ʻo Permafrost i ka hapalima o ka Hemisphere ʻĀkau a ua kākoʻo lōʻihi i ka tundra Arctic a me nā ululāʻau boreal o Alaska, Kanada, a me Rusia. Hana ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he kapole manawa, mālama i nā koena mummified o kekahi mau mea i pau i hiki ke ʻike a kālailai ʻia e nā ʻepekema i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, me nā keiki liona ʻelua a me kahi rhino huluhulu.
ʻO Permafrost kahi mea mālama kūpono ʻaʻole wale no ke anuanu; ʻo ia hoʻi he wahi oxygen ʻole kahi e komo ʻole ai ka mālamalama. Eia naʻe, ke hoʻomehana nei ka mahana o Arctic i kēia manawa i ʻehā manawa ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ke koena o ka honua, e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i ka papa o ka permafrost.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Jean-Michel Claverie, he loea Emeritus o ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka genomics ma Aix-Marseille University School of Medicine ma Marseille, Farani, i nā hoʻohālike honua i lawe ʻia mai Siberian permafrost e ʻike inā he mau maʻi maʻi i loko o ia mea. Ke ʻimi nei ʻo ia i nā "viruses zombie," e like me kāna kapa ʻana iā lākou, a loaʻa iā ia kekahi.
ʻO ka mea hahai holoholona
Ke noiʻi nei ʻo Claverie i kekahi ʻano maʻi maʻi āna i ʻike mua ai i ka makahiki 2003. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he mau maʻi nunui, ʻoi aku ka nui o lākou ma mua o nā ʻano maʻamau a ʻike ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope māmā maʻamau, ma mua o kahi microscope electron ʻoi aku ka ikaika - e lilo lākou i kumu hoʻohālike maikaʻi no kēia. ʻano hana lab.
ʻO kāna mau hoʻāʻo ʻana e ʻike i nā maʻi maʻi maloʻo i loko o ka permafrost i hoʻoikaika ʻia e kahi hui o nā ʻepekema Lūkini i ka makahiki 2012 i hoʻōla hou i kahi pua hihiu mai kahi ʻano hua 30,000 mau makahiki i loaʻa i loko o ka lua squirrel. (Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻihoʻi maikaʻi nā ʻepekema i nā holoholona microscopic kahiko i ke ola.)
I ka makahiki 2014, ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i ka hoʻōla hou ʻana i kahi maʻi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo ia a me kāna hui mai ka permafrost, e lilo ia i maʻi maʻi no ka manawa mua ma 30,000 mau makahiki ma o ka hoʻokomo ʻana iā ia i loko o nā cell moʻomeheu. No ka palekana, ua koho ʻo ia e aʻo i kahi maʻi e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa wale i nā amoebas hoʻokahi, ʻaʻole nā holoholona a me nā kānaka.
Ua hana hou ʻo ia i ka hana ma 2015, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kahi ʻano virus ʻē aʻe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā amoebas. A i kāna noiʻi hou loa, i paʻi ʻia i ka lā 18 Pepeluali ma ka puke pai Viruses, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo Claverie a me kāna hui i kekahi mau ʻano o ka maʻi maʻi kahiko mai nā ʻāpana he nui o ka permafrost i lawe ʻia mai ʻehiku mau wahi like ʻole ma Siberia a hōʻike iā lākou e hiki ke hoʻopili i nā cell amoeba moʻomeheu.
ʻO kēlā mau mea hou e hōʻike ana i ʻelima mau ʻohana maʻi maʻi hou, ma luna o nā mea ʻelua āna i hoʻōla ai ma mua. Ua aneane 48,500 makahiki o ka mea kahiko loa, ma muli o ka radiocarbon dating o ka lepo, a mai ka la'ana o ka honua i laweia mai loko mai o ka loko o lalo he 16 mika (52 kapuai) malalo o ka ilikai. ʻO nā laʻana ʻōpiopio loa, i loaʻa i loko o ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻaʻahu o nā koena o ka mammoth huluhulu, he 27,000 mau makahiki.
ʻO ka maʻi maʻi amoeba e hoʻomau mau ana ma hope o ka lōʻihi e hōʻike ana i kahi pilikia nui aʻe, wahi a Claverie. Makaʻu ʻo ia i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe i kāna noiʻi ʻana he ʻepekema ʻepekema a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻo ia i ka manaʻolana o nā maʻi maʻi kahiko e hoʻi hou mai i ke ola ma ke ʻano he hoʻoweliweli koʻikoʻi o ka lehulehu.
"Ke nānā nei mākou i kēia mau maʻi amoeba-infecting ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopiʻi no nā maʻi āpau ʻē aʻe i hiki i ka permafrost," wahi a Claverie iā CNN.
"ʻIke mākou i nā ʻāpana o nā maʻi he nui, he nui, he nui," i hoʻohui ai ʻo ia. "No laila ʻike mākou aia lākou ma laila. ʻAʻole maopopo iā mākou ke ola nei lākou. Akā ʻo kā mākou manaʻo, inā e ola mau ana nā maʻi amoeba, ʻaʻohe kumu e ola mau ai nā maʻi ʻē aʻe, a hiki ke hoʻopili i kā lākou mau pūʻali.
Mamua no ka ma'i kanaka
Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana o nā maʻi maʻi a me nā maʻi bacteria e hiki ke hoʻopili i ke kanaka i mālama ʻia i ka permafrost.
ʻO kahi laʻana māmā mai ke kino o kahi wahine i ʻeli ʻia i ka makahiki 1997 mai ka permafrost ma kahi kauhale ma ka Seward Peninsula o Alaska i loaʻa nā mea genomic mai ka maʻi maʻi influenza i kumu no ka maʻi maʻi 1918. I ka makahiki 2012, ua hōʻoia nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻo nā koena mummified he 300 mau makahiki o kahi wahine i kanu ʻia ma Siberia i loaʻa nā hōʻailona genetic o ka maʻi e hoʻoulu ai i ka liʻiliʻi.
ʻO kahi maʻi anthrax ma Siberia i hoʻopilikia i ka nui o nā kānaka a ʻoi aku ma mua o 2,000 reindeer ma waena o Iulai a me ʻAukake i ka makahiki 2016 ua pili pū ʻia me ka hoʻoheheʻe hohonu ʻana o ka permafrost i ke kauwela wela loa, e ʻae ana i nā spores kahiko o Bacillus anthracis e puka hou mai nā ilina kahiko a i ʻole. kino holoholona.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Birgitta Evengård, ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo emerita ma ke Keʻena ʻo Clinical Microbiology o ke Kulanui o Umea ma Suedena, pono e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka nānā ʻana i ka hopena o nā pathogens i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka permafrost, akā ua ʻōlelo ʻia e kūʻē i kahi ala alarmist.
"Pono ʻoe e hoʻomanaʻo ua hoʻomohala ʻia kā mākou pale pale i ka pilina pili me ka microbiological puni honua," wahi a Evengård, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana o ka CLINF Nordic Center of Excellence, kahi hui e noiʻi ana i nā hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau i ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi infectious i loko o nā kānaka a holoholona ma ka ʻāina ʻākau.
"Inā he maʻi i hūnā ʻia i loko o ka permafrost ʻaʻole mākou i launa pū me nā makahiki he mau makahiki, ʻaʻole lawa paha kā mākou pale pale," wahi āna. "Ua pololei ka mahalo i ke kūlana a me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana a ʻaʻole hoʻi i ka hana. A ʻo ke ala e hakakā ai i ka makaʻu, ʻo ia ka ʻike.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka honua maoli, ʻaʻole ʻike ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka lōʻihi o kēia mau maʻi i hiki ke hoʻomau i ka maʻi maʻi ke ʻike ʻia i nā kūlana o kēia manawa, a i ʻole pehea e hālāwai ai ka maʻi i kahi host kūpono. ʻAʻole nā maʻi maʻi āpau he pathogens hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka maʻi; maikaʻi a maikaʻi paha kekahi i kā lākou mea hoʻokipa. A ʻoiai ʻo ia ka home no 3.6 miliona mau kānaka, ʻo ka Arctic kahi wahi kaʻawale loa, e haʻahaʻa loa ana ka pilikia o ke kanaka i nā maʻi maʻi kahiko.
Eia nō naʻe, "e piʻi aʻe ka pilikia i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka hoʻomehana honua," wahi a Claverie, "ma kahi e wikiwiki ai ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka permafrost, a ʻoi aku ka nui o nā poʻe e hoʻonui i ka Arctic ma hope o nā ʻoihana ʻoihana."
A ʻaʻole wale ʻo Claverie i ka ʻōlelo aʻo ʻana e hiki ke lilo ka ʻāina i ʻāina momona no kahi hanana kahe - ke lele ʻana kahi maʻi i loko o kahi hoʻokipa hou a hoʻomaka e laha.
I ka makahiki i hala aku nei, ua paʻi kekahi pūʻulu ʻepekema i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā laʻana o ka lepo a me ka wai sediment i lawe ʻia mai Lake Hazen, he loko wai maʻemaʻe ma Kanada aia ma loko o ka Arctic Circle. Ua hoʻokaʻina lākou i nā mea genetic i loko o ka sediment e ʻike ai i nā inoa viral a me nā genomes o nā mea hoʻokipa - nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona - ma ia wahi.
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loiloi hoʻohālike kamepiula, manaʻo lākou ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka piʻi ʻana o nā maʻi i nā host hou ma nā wahi kokoke i kahi i kahe nui ai ka wai hoʻoheheʻe glacial i loko o ka loko - kahi hiʻohiʻona e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka wā e mahana ana ke aniau.
Nā hopena i ʻike ʻole ʻia
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi a me nā pōʻino ʻē aʻe i loko o ka permafrost mehana ʻo ia ka hana mua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o kā lākou pilikia i ka Arctic, wahi a Miner ma NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. ʻO nā pilikia ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka helu ʻana i hea, a hea, pehea ka wikiwiki, a me ka hohonu o ka permafrost e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia.
Hiki i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ke hana lohi e like me ke kenimika i kēlā me kēia ʻumi makahiki akā hiki koke mai nō hoʻi, e like me ke ʻano o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻāina nui i hiki ke hōʻike koke i nā papa hohonu a kahiko o ka permafrost. Hoʻokuʻu pū ke kaʻina hana i ka methane a me carbon dioxide i ka lewa - kahi mea hoʻokele i nānā ʻole ʻia a hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau.
Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Miner i kahi ʻano o nā pōʻino i kēia manawa i ka Arctic permafrost ma kahi pepa 2021 i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke ʻepekema ʻo Nature Climate Change.
ʻO kēlā mau pōʻino e pili ana i nā ʻōpala i kanu ʻia mai ka ʻeli ʻana o nā metala kaumaha a me nā kemika e like me ka pesticide DDT, i pāpā ʻia i nā makahiki 2000. Ua hoʻolei ʻia nā mea radioactive i ka Arctic - e Russia a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - mai ka hiki ʻana mai o ka hoʻāʻo nuklea i nā makahiki 1950.
"E hōʻike koke ana ʻo Abrupt thaw i nā aniani permafrost kahiko, e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā pūhui a me nā microorganism i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā papa hohonu," i ʻōlelo ai ʻo Miner a me nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe ma ka pepa 2021.
I loko o ka pepa noiʻi, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Miner i ka maʻi pololei o nā kānaka me nā pathogens kahiko i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka permafrost ma ke ʻano he "hiki ʻole i kēia manawa."
Akā naʻe, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Miner ua hopohopo ʻo ia no ka mea āna i kapa ai ʻo "Methuselah microorganisms" (i kapa ʻia ma hope o ka helu Baibala me ka lōʻihi o ke ola). ʻO kēia nā mea ola e hiki ke lawe i ka dynamics o nā kaiaola kaiaola kahiko a pau i ka Arctic o kēia manawa, me nā hopena ʻike ʻole.
ʻO ka puka hou ʻana o nā microorganisms kahiko ka mea hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka lepo a me ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, hiki paha ke hoʻonui i ka hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, wahi a Miner.
"ʻAʻole maopopo mākou i ka pili ʻana o kēia mau microbes me ke kaiapuni hou," wahi āna. "ʻAʻole ia he hoʻokolohua aʻu i manaʻo ai e makemake kekahi o mākou e holo."
ʻO ka hana maikaʻi loa, wahi a Miner, ʻo ia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a hoʻopau i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, a me ka pilikia o ke aniau ākea, a mālama i kēia mau pōʻino i loko o ka permafrost no ka maikaʻi.
