He mau miliona makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻo Antarctica kahi ʻāpana o Gondwana, kahi ʻāina nui ma ka Hema Hema. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka wahi i uhi ʻia i ka hau he home maoli ia no nā kumulāʻau kokoke i ka Pole Hema.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mōʻalihaku paʻakikī o kēia mau kumulāʻau ke hōʻike nei i ka ulu ʻana o kēia mau mea kanu a me ke ʻano o nā ululāʻau e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana i kēia mau lā.
Ua kuhikuhi ʻo Erik Gulbranson, he loea i ka paleoecology ma ke Kulanui o Wisconsin-Milwaukee, mālama ʻo Antarctica i kahi moʻolelo kaiaola o nā biomes polar e pili ana ma kahi o 400 miliona mau makahiki, ʻo ia ke kumu holoʻokoʻa o ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu.
Hiki i Antarctica nā lāʻau?
Ke nānā aku i ka lewa hauā o Antarctica i kēia manawa, he mea paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo i nā ululāʻau ulu lāʻau i noho mua. No ka ʻimi ʻana i nā koena mōʻalihaku, pono ʻo Gulbranson a me kāna hui e lele i nā kahua hau, holo ma luna o nā glaciers a hoʻomanawanui i nā makani anuanu. Eia naʻe, mai kahi o 400 miliona a 14 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻokoʻa loa ka ʻāina o ka ʻāina hema a ʻoi aku ka lush. Ua ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke aniau, akā naʻe, ʻo nā mea kanu i ulu ma nā latitu haʻahaʻa e mau ana ka pōʻeleʻele 24-hola i ka hoʻoilo a me ka mālamalama mau i ke kauwela, e like me nā kūlana o kēia mau lā.
Ke noiʻi nei ʻo Gulbranson a me kāna mau hoa hana i ka Permian-Triassic mass extinction, i hana ʻia ma 252 miliona mau makahiki i hala a ua make ka 95 pakeneka o nā ʻano o ka Honua. Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻopau ʻia kēia ma muli o ka nui o nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai nā lua pele, ka mea i hopena i nā wela a me nā moana waiʻona. Aia nā ʻano like ma waena o kēia hoʻopau ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau o kēia manawa, ʻaʻole ia e like me ke koʻikoʻi akā ua hoʻoikaika mau ʻia e nā kinoea ʻōmaʻomaʻo, wahi a Gulbranson.
I ka manawa ma mua o ka pau ʻana o Permian mass extinction, ʻo nā kumu lāʻau Glossopteris ka mea nui o ka lāʻau ma nā ululāʻau polar hema, wahi a Gulbranson i kahi ninaninau me Live Science. Hiki i kēia mau lāʻau ke piʻi i ke kiʻekiʻe o 65 a 131 kapuaʻi (20 a 40 mau mika) a he lau nui a pālahalaha ka lōʻihi ma mua o ka lima kanaka, e like me Gulbranson.
Ma mua o ka pau ʻana o Permi, ua uhi kēia mau lāʻau i ka ʻāina ma waena o ka 35th parallel South a me ka Pole Hema. (ʻO ka 35th parallel hema he pōʻai latitu ia he 35 degere ma ka hema o ka mokulele equatorial o ka Honua. E hele ana ia i ka Moana ʻAkelanika, ka Moana Inia, Australasia, ka Moana Pākīpika, a me ʻAmelika Hema.)
Nā kūlana like ʻole: Ma mua a ma hope
I ka makahiki 2016, i ka huakaʻi ʻimi mōʻalihaku i Antarctica, ua hina ʻo Gulbranson a me kāna hui i ka nahele polar mua loa i kākau ʻia mai ka pole hema. ʻOiai ʻaʻole lākou i kuhikuhi i ka lā kikoʻī, manaʻo lākou ua ulu ʻo ia ma kahi o 280 miliona mau makahiki i hala ma mua o ka kanu ʻia ʻana i loko o ka lehu lua pele, i mālama ʻia i ke kūlana kūpono a hiki i ka pae kelepona, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā mea noiʻi.
Wahi a Gulbranson, pono lākou e kipa pinepine i Antarctica no ka ʻimi hou ʻana i nā kahua ʻelua i loaʻa nā mōʻalihaku mai mua a ma hope o ka pau ʻana o Permian. Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ululāʻau ma hope o ka pau ʻana, me ka ʻole o Glossopteris a me kahi hui hou o nā lāʻau deciduous a evergreen, e like me nā ʻohana o ka ginkgo hou, e lawe ana i kona wahi.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Gulbranson, ke hoʻāʻo nei lākou e ʻike i ke kumu o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i kēia manawa.
Ua kuhikuhi ʻo Gulbranson, he loea i ka geochemistry, ʻo nā mea kanu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka pōhaku ua mālama maikaʻi ʻia i hiki ke unuhi ʻia nā ʻāpana amino acid o kā lākou protein. ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i kēia mau mea kemika he mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu i ola ai nā kumulāʻau i nā kukui ʻē aʻe ma ka hema a me ke kumu o ka make ʻana o Glossopteris, ʻōlelo ʻo ia.
ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, i kā lākou noiʻi hou ʻana, hiki i ka hui noiʻi (ʻo ia hoʻi nā lālā mai ka US, Kelemānia, ʻAmelika, Italia, a me Palani) e loaʻa i nā helikopter i mea e hoʻokokoke aku ai i nā ʻokiʻoki i nā mauna Transantarctic, kahi o nā ululāʻau fossilized. aia. E noho ana ka hui ma ia wahi no kekahi mau mahina, e hele ana i na huakai helicopter i ka outcrops ke ae mai ka lewa. ʻO ka lā 24-hola i ka ʻāina e hiki ai i nā huakaʻi lōʻihi o ka lā, ʻo nā huakaʻi i ke aumoe e pili ana i ka piʻi mauna a me ka hana kula, e like me Gulbranson.
