Ke wikiwiki nei mākou i kā mākou mau hana maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā, e ʻimi mau ana i nā mea hou a maikaʻi loa o ka ʻenehana a me nā mea hou, ua maʻalahi ke poina i ka nā hana kupaianaha a nā kūpuna. Millennia aku nei, ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o ke kila, ua hana ko mākou mau kūpuna kahiko i kekahi o nā mea hana ʻoi loa a pololei me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hoihoi - obsidian. Ua mahalo ʻia kēia mea ʻeleʻele e nā hui kahiko no kona ʻoi a me ka lōʻihi.
He waiwai nui ʻo Obsidian a ua kūʻai ʻia ma waena o nā hui mamao, a ua kaua ʻia nā kaua ma luna o ia. Akā, ʻaʻole like me nā mea kahiko kahiko, ʻaʻole i nalowale ka obsidian i kona pili i ka wā. He mea hoihoi ia ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ke hoʻohana ʻia nei kēia pōhaku kahiko i kēia mau lā, a ke hoʻomau ʻia nei kāna moʻolelo.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala o nā mea hana obsidian
Hiki ke huli ʻia ka hoʻohana mua ʻana o ka obsidian i Kariandusi, Kenya, a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka makahiki Acheulian, i hoʻomaka i ka makahiki 700,000 BC. Eia naʻe, he mau mea liʻiliʻi wale nō mai kēia wā i puka mai e pili ana i ka wā Neolithic.
ʻO ka hana ʻana o nā bladelets obsidian ma Lipari i loaʻa i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka pololei i ka hopena o ka Neolithic a ua kālepa ʻia ma waena o Sicily, ke awāwa kahawai ʻo Po, a me Croatia. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana obsidian i ka wā o ka ʻoki poepoe ʻana a me ke ʻoki ʻana i nā kaula ʻōpū o nā keiki hou. Hōʻike nā moʻolelo ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kumu Anatolian obsidian ma Levant a me Iraqi Kurdistan i kēia manawa e hoʻomaka ana ma kahi o 12,500 BC. Loaʻa nā relics Obsidian ma Tell Brak, kekahi o nā kikowaena kūlanakauhale mua loa ma Mesopotamia, mai ka hopena o ka makahiki ʻelima BC.
mahope iho o ʻO Kau pōhaku, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka honua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke keleawe, keleawe, a me ke kila no nā mea kaua a me nā hui holomua, ʻaʻole i lawe koke ka poʻe Aztec i nā mea metala. ʻAʻole pono, no ka mea, aia ka obsidian ma ko lākou mau lima.
Hāʻawi ʻia ka poʻe Mayan Indians i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lau obsidian maʻalahi ma mua o 2,500 mau makahiki i hala. No ka haki ʻana o ka obsidian i hoʻokahi atom, ua ʻōlelo ʻia he ʻelima haneli ʻoi aku ka ʻoi o ka ʻoi ma mua o ka maka kila ʻoi loa, a ma lalo o kahi microscope hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe e ʻike mau ʻia ka ʻaoʻao obsidian, akā ʻo ka ʻili kila he ʻili e like me ka maka. .
Pehea i hana ai ka poʻe Aztec i nā mea hana a me nā mea kaua i hana ʻia me ka obsidian?
ʻAʻole koi ʻia nā Aztecs e hana i ka obsidian; hiki ke kuai koke ia. ʻO ka Obsidian kahi ʻano aniani kūlohelohe maoli e puka mai ana i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka pele mai ka lua pele, paʻa koke, e hopena i ka liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka hana aniani.
ʻO ke ʻano pele ponoʻī no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka obsidian i kapa ʻia ʻo ka pele felsic. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻano pele e ka nui o nā mea māmā e like me ka oxygen, potassium, sodium, silicon, a me ka alumini. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka silica i loko o ka pele ka hopena i ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea e kaohi ai i ka laha ʻana o nā mana i loko o ka pele.
Hoʻomaka kēia ʻano o ka diffusion atomic i ka pae mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka kristal mineral, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka nucleation. ʻOiai e maʻalili ka pele i ka wikiwiki, hoʻololi ia i obsidian, kahi aniani lua pele nani. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana ka hopena o ka manawa hoʻomaha wikiwiki, kahi e hana ai i kahi ʻano aniani me ka ʻole o ka crystalline. ʻO kēia hanana kūlohelohe kahi hopena maikaʻi loa o ka hana geological o nā pele pele.
Loaʻa i ka Obsidian kahi ʻano like ʻole e like me ka mineral akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokahi ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai he aniani ia a ʻaʻole he mea crystalline. Hoʻokaʻawale kēia ʻano ʻokoʻa mai nā minerala ʻē aʻe, e kū nei ma ke ʻano he hiʻohiʻona. ʻO ke ʻano obsidian maʻemaʻe ka mea i hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia, ʻo ia ka hopena o ke aniani aniani, e hōʻike ana i ka mālamalama me ka nani o kona ʻili ʻana me ka hauʻoli.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka obsidian ma nā ʻano like ʻole, e hōʻike ana iā ia iho ma nā ʻano huʻi, nā waihoʻoluʻu, a me nā ʻano like ʻole e pili ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā haumia e like me ka hao a me ka magnesium i loko o ka pele. Hiki i kēia ke hana i nā aka o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele, a ʻeleʻele paha, i ʻike ʻia he ʻōniʻoniʻo a ʻōniʻoniʻo paha, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi ʻano noʻeau i ke ʻano o ka mineral.
I nā mea kaua, hōʻike ka obsidian maʻemaʻe i kona ʻeleʻele a ʻālohilohi i waho, e hoʻomanaʻo ana i ke aumoe a me ka nani pohihihi. ʻO kēia ka mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hoʻohiwahiwa o ka mineral a lilo ia i pōhaku makamae hoihoi i ʻimi ʻia e nā mea he nui.
Hoʻohana i ka obsidian mai ka wā prehistoric a hiki i kēia au
I ka wā Neolithic, trepanation - a i ʻole ka ʻeli ʻana i puka i loko o ka iwi poʻo - ua manaʻo ʻia he lāʻau lapaʻau ia no nā mea āpau mai ka maʻi maʻi a hiki i ka migraines. He ʻano ʻano o ka ʻoki ʻana paha ia no nā ʻeha kaua. Akā ʻoiai aia hoohuoi mau e pili ana i nā kumu maoli ma hope o ke kaʻina hana pohihihi, ʻo ka mea i ʻike ʻia ʻo ka mea hoʻohana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hoʻokō i ke kaʻina hana mua i hana ʻia mai kekahi o nā mea ʻoi loa i loaʻa i ke ʻano: obsidian.
Hiki i ka Obsidian ke hana i nā ʻoki ʻoki i nā manawa he nui ma mua o nā scalpels kila maikaʻi loa. Ma 30 angstroms - he ʻāpana o ke ana e like me hoʻokahi haneli miliona o ke kenimika - hiki i kahi scalpel obsidian ke hoʻokūkū i ke daimana i ka nani o kona lihi.
Ke noʻonoʻo ʻoe he 300 a 600 angstrom ka hapa nui o nā pahi pahi pahi, hiki i ka obsidian ke ʻoki iā ia me nā mea ʻoi loa o ka nanotechnology e hana ai. ʻOiai i kēia lā, he heluna uuku o na kahuna lapaau Ke hoʻohana nei lākou i kēia ʻenehana kahiko (ʻoiai ʻaʻole i ʻae ka US FDA i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana obsidian i ka ʻokiʻoki ʻana i ke kanaka ma muli o ko lākou ʻano palupalu a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haki ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻili scalpel kila kahiko) liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi o nā pahi obsidian i ʻoki ʻia ma kahi pae kelepona. Ma muli o kēia, ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o nā ʻoki i hana ʻia me ka ʻili me ka liʻiliʻi o ka scarring. A ʻo ka mea nui loa, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma hope o ke kanu ʻia ʻana i ka lepo no nā kaukani makahiki. ʻO kāna hoʻohana kupaianaha e hoʻomanaʻo mai ana iā mākou he wahi mau nā ʻano hana kahiko loa i ko mākou ao hou.
Pehea e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a me ka ʻoi o ka obsidian ma mua o ke kila kila?
ʻAneʻane i haku ʻia ke kila me nā kristal like ʻole he nui (microscopic grains), ma mua o hoʻokahi mea nui. Ke haʻihaʻi ke kila, haki maʻamau ia ma nā hui like ʻole ma waena o nā kristal kaʻawale. ʻAʻole loaʻa i loko o ka Obsidian nā kristal nui i hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā waiwai o ka haʻihaʻi o ka mea a no kēia kumu ua haki mālie a ʻoi loa. No ka nele o ka obsidian i nā kristal, ʻaʻole ia e uhaʻi ma nā laina o ka nāwaliwali o ka mea, ua haki wale ʻo ia ma nā laina o ke koʻikoʻi i kumu i ka haki.
ʻO kēia ke kumu e hōʻike ai ka obsidian a me nā mea like nā haʻihaʻi conchoidal. Ke nānā ʻoe i ke ʻano o kekahi obsidian haʻihaʻi, ke nānā nei ʻoe i ke ʻano o ka hawewe haʻalulu i pohā. Ke nānā ʻoe i ke ʻano o kekahi kila haʻihaʻi, ke nānā nei ʻoe i kekahi hapa i ke ʻano o ka hawewe haʻalulu i haki iā ia, akā ʻo ka hapa nui ma nā laina o ka nāwaliwali ma waena o nā hemahema o ke kila a me nā hui ma waena o kona mau kristal.
Inā hiki ke hoʻokala maikaʻi i ke kila ʻaʻole e haʻihaʻi, ʻo ka ikaika liʻiliʻi e lawa e kīkē i nā kristal i kākoʻo ʻole ʻia mai kahi. Inā ʻoe e hoʻokala i ke kila i ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o kona ʻaoʻao ma mua o kona nui aniani, a laila ʻaʻole nui ka paʻa ʻana o nā kristal kihi ma kahi o ka mea ʻaʻole lākou i paʻa hou. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki.
Panina
Ke noʻonoʻo nei mākou i ke kūpaʻa a me ka ʻoi o ka obsidian, waiho ʻia mākou e kahaha i ka hoʻoilina mau o ko mākou mau kūpuna kahiko. Mai ka poʻe Mayan Indians a hiki i ka Pohaku i ka poʻe hahai ihe, ʻike ʻia ka naʻauao kupaianaha a me ka hana hou o ko mākou mau kūpuna i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ia mea paahana a maikaʻi.
I kēia lā, hoʻomau mākou i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka obsidian ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai nui, e kahaha ana i kona hiki ke mālama i kahi ʻokiʻoki i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā ʻāpana kila kiʻekiʻe loa. Ke hoʻohanohano nei mākou i ke akamai o ka poʻe i hele mai ma mua o mākou, hoʻomanaʻo pū ʻia mākou i ke koʻikoʻi o ka nānā ʻana i ka wā i hala no ke alakaʻi, hoʻoikaika, a me nā mea hana e pono ai mākou e hoʻolālā i kahi wā e hiki mai ana.
