Ua hoʻoholo ʻia kahi noiʻi DNA hou e hiki ke huli ʻia ka iwi kahiko loa i loaʻa ma São Paulo, Brazil, Luzio, i ka poʻe noho mua o ʻAmelika ma kahi o 16,000 mau makahiki i hala. ʻO kēia pūʻulu kanaka i hoʻokumu i ka poʻe ʻōiwi Tupi i kēia manawa.
Hōʻike kēia ʻatikala i ka wehewehe ʻana no ka nalowale ʻana o nā kamaʻāina kahiko loa o ka ʻāina kahakai ʻo Brazil i kūkulu i ka "sambaquis" kaulana, ʻo ia nā puʻu o nā pūpū a me nā iwi iʻa i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā hale noho, nā ilina, a me nā hōʻailona o nā palena ʻāina. Hoʻopaʻa pinepine ka poʻe kālaihonua i kēia mau puʻu ma ke ʻano he puʻu pūpū a i ʻole waena o ka lumi kuke. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka noiʻi ma luna o ka ʻike nui loa o Brazilian archaeological genomic data.
Andre Menezes Strauss, he kanaka kālaihonua no MAE-USP a me ke alakaʻi o ka noiʻi, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ka poʻe kūkulu hale ʻo Atlantic coast sambaqui ʻo ia ka hui kanaka nui loa i ka pre-colonial South America ma hope o nā moʻomeheu Andean. No nā kaukani a me nā makahiki, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou he 'moʻi o ke kahakai', a nalowale koke lākou ma kahi o 2,000 mau makahiki i hala.
ʻO nā genomes o nā mōʻalihaku 34, ma kahi o 10,000 mau makahiki, mai nā wahi ʻehā o ke kahakai ʻo Brazil i nānā pono ʻia e nā mea kākau. Ua lawe ʻia kēia mau mōʻalihaku mai nā wahi ʻewalu: Cabeçuda, Capelinha, Cubatao, Limao, Jabuticabeira II, Palmeiras Xingu, Pedra do Alexandre, a me Vau Una, ʻo ia hoʻi ka sambaquis.
Ua alakaʻi ʻia e Levy Figuti, he polopeka ma MAE-USP, ua loaʻa i kahi hui ka iwi kahiko loa ma Sao Paulo, Luzio, ma ke kahawai ʻo Capelinha ma waena o ke awāwa ʻo Ribeira de Iguape. Ua like kona iwi poʻo me Luzia, ka mōʻaukala kanaka kahiko loa i loaʻa ma ʻAmelika Hema a hiki i kēia manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o 13,000 mau makahiki. I ka wā mua, ua manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi mai kahi heluna ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka poʻe Amerindian i kēia manawa, ka poʻe i noho ma Brazil ma kahi o 14,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, akā ua hōʻike ʻia ma hope he wahaheʻe.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā hopena o ka loiloi genetic o Luzio he Amerindian ʻo ia, e like me ka Tupi, Quechua, a i ʻole Cherokee. ʻAʻole kēia manaʻo he ʻano like loa lākou, akā mai ka ʻike honua holoʻokoʻa, hele lākou a pau mai kahi nalu hoʻokahi o ka neʻe ʻana i hōʻea i ʻAmelika ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o 16,000 mau makahiki i hala. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Strauss, inā aia kekahi poʻe ma ka ʻāina he 30,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻaʻole ia i waiho i kekahi mamo ma waena o kēia mau hui.
Hāʻawi ka DNA o Luzio i ka ʻike i kahi nīnau ʻē aʻe. He ʻokoʻa ka ʻaoʻao o ka muliwai mai nā kahakai, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ka mea i ʻike ʻia he kupuna o ka sambaquis kahiko i ʻike ʻia ma hope. Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i ʻelua mau neʻe ʻokoʻa - i uka a ma kahakai.
He aha ka mea i hana i ka sambaqui? Ma ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili genetic, ua ʻike ʻia nā heluna kanaka like ʻole me nā mea moʻomeheu like ʻole akā nā ʻokoʻa olaola nui, ʻoi aku ma waena o nā kamaʻāina o nā kahakai o ka hikina a me ka hema.
Ua ʻike ʻo Strauss ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana i ka cranial morphology i ka makahiki 2000 ua manaʻo mua i kahi ʻokoʻa maʻalahi ma waena o kēia mau kaiāulu, i kākoʻo ʻia e ka loiloi genetic. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kekahi heluna kanaka kahakai, akā loaʻa mau ka hoʻololi gene me nā hui uka. Ua hana ʻia kēia kaʻina hana i nā kaukani makahiki a ua manaʻo ʻia ua hopena ia i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka sambaquis.
I ka noiʻi ʻana i ka nalowale pohihihi o kēia kaiāulu kai, ʻo ia hoʻi ka poʻe hahai holoholona a me nā mea hōʻiliʻili mua o ka Holocene, ua hōʻike nā DNA samples i hōʻike ʻia, e kūʻē i ka hana Neolithic ʻEulopa o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā heluna holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka mea i hana ʻia ma kēia wahi he ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā kuʻuna, e pili ana i ka emi ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pūpū pūpū a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ipu lepo e nā mea hana sambaqui. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka mea genetic i loaʻa ma Galheta IV (aia ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Santa Catarina) - ʻo ka pūnaewele ʻoi loa o kēia manawa - ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā pūpū, akā nā ceramics, a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā sambaquis maʻamau ma kēia ʻano.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Strauss ʻo nā hopena o kahi noiʻi 2014 e pili ana i nā ʻāpana ipu lepo mai ka sambaquis i kuʻikahi me ka manaʻo ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ipu e kuke ai i ka iʻa, ma mua o nā mea kanu ʻai. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ke ʻano o ka lawe ʻana o nā kamaʻāina o ia wahi i kahi ʻenehana mai uka mai e hana ai i kā lākou meaʻai maʻamau.
Ua paʻi mua ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ma ka puke pai Nature ma ka lā X XUMUM, 31.
