Ua ʻike kekahi kanaka ʻohi ʻili honua i kahi pahi kaua Kina i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma hope o nā aʻa ma kahi kapa i hoʻopau ʻia o kahi kahawai liʻiliʻi ma Georgia i Iulai 2014. e hoʻonui ana i ka papa inoa o nā mea hana ʻē aʻe o Kina e hōʻike ana i ka hele ʻana o Kina i ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i ka wā Pre-Columbian.
Ua ʻike ʻia ka pahi kaua nani i hana ʻia me ka Lizardite a he mau hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻili e hōʻike ana he kahiko loa ia. Manaʻolana ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana ke ʻano o ka pōhaku a kuhikuhi i ke kumu, ʻoiai aia nā waihona Lizardite ma ka hikina a me ke komohana.
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā pane i ka wā hea, a pehea nā nīnau. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hoʻohana i nā kuʻina hoʻāʻo thermoluminescence e ʻike ai i ka wā i ʻike hope ʻia ai ka lepo ma ka wahi i ʻohi ʻia i ka lā ma muli o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka lepo.
Aia kekahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o kahi mea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ʻike ʻole ʻia e pili ana i ka lau i hiki ke ʻae ʻia no ka radiocarbon dating, a me nā ʻāpana koho o nā accretions ili i hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike pono.
hōʻailona Pākē
ʻO nā hōʻailona like ʻole a me ke ʻano o ka pahi kaua, ʻo ia mau mea ʻelua i loaʻa ma nā kiʻi jade mai Xia (2070-1600 BC), Shang (1600-1046 BC), a me Zhou Dynasties, ʻaʻole maopopo loa (1046-256 BC). Hōʻike ʻia ka Moʻokūʻauhau ʻo Shang e ka motif deragona e pili ana i kahi ʻāpana o ka piko o ka maka, e like me ka lei aliʻi.
ʻO ka pale maka maka ʻo Taotie ma ke kiaʻi a me ka lima i hana mua ʻia i ka wā o ka civilization ʻo Liangzhu (3400-2250 BC), ʻoiai ua ʻike pinepine ʻia i ka wā o Shang a me Zhou. (Ke kamaʻilio pilikino me Siu-Leung Lee, Ph.D., a me ka hana e paʻi koke ʻia.)
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā diagnostics period Shang, a me ke ʻano o ka Taotie i nā kiʻi o ka Mesoamerican Olmec w ere-jaguar, e hōʻike ana i ka wā i hana ʻia ai ka pahi kaua a me kahi manawa paʻakikī no ka wā i hiki mai ai i Georgia.
Pākē - pili Olmec?
Ma kahi kokoke i hoʻokahi haneli, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka poʻe naʻauao i nā mea like ma waena o ka moʻolelo a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o Kina a me Olmec. ʻAʻole paha he pōʻino ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka civilization Olmec ma kahi o 1500 BC, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mōʻī Shang, a ua hoʻomaka ka moʻolelo mua i kākau ʻia o Kina.
Ua hōʻailona ia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka Bronze Age, kahi i loaʻa ai nā hana keleawe nani, nā kaʻa keleawe, a me nā mea kaua. I loko o kēia manawa, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻano Kina mua loa, me nā ʻōnaehana wai nui a me nā hana hana lehulehu ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia mau mea a pau e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻoihana paʻakikī a holomua.
He manawa nō hoʻi ia ma ka moʻomeheu Kina i ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka jade ma mua o ke gula, a ua like ka manaʻo o ka poʻe aliʻi Olmec, nona nā mines jade i kēia manawa ʻo Honduras a me Guatemala.
Hiki paha i ka Olmec, i ko lākou wā Middle Formative (900-300 BC), ua lanakila i nā pilikia o ka hana ʻana a me ka wili ʻana iā Jade (he pōhaku paʻakikī ʻaʻole hiki ke lawelawe ʻia me nā mea kila) i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi a me ka votive me nā mea abrasive. .
ʻO nā mea like ma waena o nā kiʻi Kina a me Olmec he mea kupanaha, a hiki ke loaʻa kahi hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi loa ma Art and Ritual in Early Chinese and Mesoamerican Cultures, Santiago Gonzalez Villajos, 2009.
ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā manaʻo Kina no ka noho aliʻi ʻana a me ka stratification, a me kā lākou hoʻomana a me nā hōʻailona, ua hoʻopilikia i ka Olmec a me nā ʻohana Mesoamerican lanakila. He hiʻohiʻona ia e hana hou ʻia i ke kenekulia 16 i ka wā i holo ai nā friars Sepania i uka me ke keʻa Karistiano.
Pehea i hiki ai ka pahikaua i Georgia? ʻO kekahi mau mea hiki:
Ua hoʻomaka kēia mau ʻano moʻomeheu Olmec hou e laha ma ka ʻāina mai 900 BC. Aia nā hōʻike nui i lilo lākou i kumu no nā hui moʻomeheu ʻē aʻe a me ka wā e hiki mai ana, e like me ka Maya.
ʻO nā manaʻoʻiʻo koʻikoʻi o ka poʻe Olmec i mau i ka wā lanakila o ke kenekulia 16, akā naʻe, ua hoʻololi ʻia e nā moʻomeheu like ʻole e hoʻokō i nā koi kūloko a me nā hoʻololi ʻana i ka manawa. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ke hana ʻia nei kekahi o kēia mau loina kahiko, e like me ka mahi ʻai mai i kēia lā e kekahi mau kaiaulu ʻōiwi Mesoamerican.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻolaha ʻia kēia ma muli o ka ʻāina ʻo Olmec a me nā ʻoihana kalepa kai kai e hāʻawi ana i nā huahana kālepa kumu a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hoihoi o kēia ʻano moʻomeheu, a me ke kumu i hōʻike ʻia ai, ʻo ia ka hoʻomaka ʻana ma kahi o 900 BC i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka Olmec i ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻi kiʻi hana Jade, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo mua ʻia.
ʻO ka hoʻopuehu ʻia ʻana o nā sila paʻi paʻa palahalaha a cylindrical, kahi ʻenehana i hana mua ʻia ma ka moʻolelo artifact Mesoamerica me ka Olmec, he hōʻailona ia o ka laulā ʻāina o kēia hoʻolaha moʻomeheu. Ua puka mua nā sila paʻi ma Kina i ka wā o ka mōʻī Shang.
Ua laha ʻo Olmec i ka ʻākau
Ma ka makahiki 800 BC, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā sila ma ka ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hema, ma kahi o 1700 mau mile ma ka hema o ka ʻāina ʻo Olmec, a he mamao like ma ka ʻākau o ka Culture Adena (800 BC-1 AD) ma ke awāwa ʻo Ohio River Valley ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau. ʻAʻole wale ka ʻenehana paʻi i hele i Ohio, akā ʻo Olmec art.
Ua ʻike kēia mea kākau i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻāpana kūwaena kūʻokoʻa e hōʻike ana i ka World Tree ma ka ʻāina ʻo Lake Chalco ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Mexico hou a ma Veracruz ma ke kahakai ʻo Kaiwa ma kahi hana noiʻi ʻaʻole i paʻi ʻia ma ka papa Adena i kiʻi ʻia ma lalo nei.
ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā sila i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mound-building Adena civilization, me nā mea hōʻike ʻē aʻe he nui loa e wehewehe i kēia ʻatikala liʻiliʻi, e hōʻike ana ua hōʻea kahi hui Mesoamerican koʻikoʻi i ka ʻāina a hoʻololi i ka hopena moʻomeheu o ka heluna kanaka kūloko.
E hoʻi ana i Georgia. I ka makahiki 1685, kākau ʻo Charles de Rochefort i kāna mau moʻolelo e pili ana i ka poʻe Apalachites i noho i nā ʻāina ma ka hikina hema o ʻAmelika i ke kenekulia 17. “Ke holo nei ka poe Apalachites, ua hoolaha lakou i kekahi mau Koloni i Mekiko: A hiki mai i keia la, he alanui nui lakou ma ka aina, kahi i hooiaio ai lakou ua hele aku ko lakou poe koa i na wahi a pau… Ua hāʻawi ka ʻāina iā lākou i ka inoa ʻo Tlatuici, ʻo ia hoʻi ka poʻe piʻi mauna a i ʻole nā ʻāina kiʻekiʻe.
"He kamaʻilio kēia poʻe [Apalachites] me ke Kai o ke Kaiwa Nui o Mexico a i ʻole New Sepania, ma o kahi muliwai wahi a Rochefort," ...Ua kapa ʻia kēia muliwai ʻo Riu del Spirito Santo nā Spaniards [Ka muliwai Mississippi].
ʻOiai ʻo nā mea i ʻike ʻia e Rochefort mai ka wā o ka Conquest Period, ua koʻikoʻi lākou i kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻāina i mālama ʻole ʻia a hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia paha i ka mōʻaukala ʻAmelika ʻĀkau.
ʻO nā lāhui he nui i noho i ka mea i kēia manawa ʻo Georgia a me nā mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke Kaiwa o Mexico, a me nā mokupuni ʻo Caribbean, Mexico, a me ʻAmelika Hema, he ʻāpana o kahi ʻāpana circum-Caribbean kahi i ʻike ai nā mea a pau i ko lākou mau hoalauna.
ʻO ka hopena, he mea kūpono ke hoʻoholo ʻana ʻo ia ke kumu e ʻike ʻia ai nā pā kinipōpō a me nā pōpō pulu ma ka ʻāina nui ʻo Mesoamerica a me nā mokupuni ʻo Caribbean.
Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa i ka Olmec a me Maya kekahi mau ʻauwaʻa holo moana nui e holo ana i nā ala wai kahakai o ka ʻāina ʻo Kaiwa, a me ka hoʻolālā logistic e lawelawe i nā mea e pono ai o nā kikowaena metropolitan nui me ka nui o ka heluna kanaka e like me nā kūlanakauhale nui o kēia mau lā.
No ka laʻana, lawe ʻia ka paʻakai, kahi mea nui no ka noho ʻana i nā ʻāina wela, i nā ʻumi kaukani tona i kēlā me kēia mahina mai nā hale hana paʻakai ma Yucatan a i nā awa kahawai kaulana mai ka Honduran Moskito Coast a hiki i Tampico, Mexico.
Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻike ʻana i ka pulu a me ka pōʻino i nā nalu kaumaha mai ke kahakai ʻo Moskito me ka ʻole o nā mea mālama ola, hiki iaʻu ke hōʻoia mai nā huakaʻi pinepine e hana maikaʻi ka hoʻolālā lāʻau dugout.
Me ka ʻokoʻa o nā kaʻa o waho o Yamaha, ʻo kēia mau moku, ʻaʻole i loli i ka hana ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻolālā ʻana mai ka Maya, hoʻomau i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā tona o nā pahu pahu 50-galani i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o ka wahie, nā meaʻai, a me nā kānaka i loko o ka loko o Honduran.
ʻO ka moʻomeheu Taino maikaʻi loa, i neʻe mai Venezuela ma kahi o 400 BC, a ua mākaukau like ka poʻe Caribes i ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā kai o ke kahawai ʻo Mexico ma nā Antilles Nui.
Hoʻopaʻa ʻo Christopher Columbus i nā helu he nui i loko o kāna log o nā waʻa Taino nui i hoʻopiha ʻia me nā waiwai kalepa a me nā mea holo, mai 40 a 79 kapuaʻi ka lōʻihi. ʻO ka mea nui aʻe, ʻo kāna mau helu log e hōʻike ana ua ʻike ka Taino i ka Calusa ma Florida a me ka Maya ma ka Yucatan.
Hōʻike kēia mau mea a pau i ka pili ʻana o nā moʻomeheu o ka ʻāina circum-Caribbean, ʻoiai i ka wā kahiko, e ka wai a me nā ala ʻāina, e hāʻawi ana i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hiki ʻana o ka pahi kaua a me ʻelua mau kaula Olmec-style i Georgia.
No laila, aia ka poʻe Pākē ma Georgia?
ʻO ka mea ponoʻī kahi ʻāpana o ka hoʻonā. Pono ʻoe e noʻonoʻo no ke aha e lawe ai kekahi i ka pahi kaua Votive, i wehewehe ʻia he mea "e hōʻike ana i kahi hoʻohiki hoʻomana, makemake, a makemake paha: hāʻawi ʻia a hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he hōʻike hoʻomaikaʻi a hoʻolaʻa paha i ke Akua", inā ʻaʻole lākou he Pākē.
ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole ʻo ka pahi kaua wale nō ka mea hana Kina i ʻike ʻia ma laila. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kauka Lee, he loea Pākē, ua ʻike hou ʻia ʻelua mau mea kahiko kahiko o Kina i loko o ʻelua hola kaʻa mai kahi o ka pahi kaua. Hoʻolālā ʻo ia e hoʻokomo i kēia mau mea i loko o kahi puke e hiki mai ana. Ua nui pū kekahi o nā mea kiʻi kiʻi ʻē aʻe o Kina, nā kiʻi kiʻi pōhaku, a me nā hōʻailona i ʻike ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hema.
ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole i lawa ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻokō ai i kahi hopena paʻa a hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa i hiki i nā mea a pau ke ʻae i ka wā e pili ana i nā mea mōʻaukala a me nā mea archeological. No laila, i kēia manawa, ka nīnau “ʻo ka poʻe Pākē ma Georgia?” Hiki ke pane ʻia he ʻae inā lawa ka hōʻoia e ʻoi aku ma mua o ka "Paehi o ka Believability."
ʻO kahi manaʻo hope loa
Ma kahi o 90 mau makahiki ma mua o ka holo mua ʻana o Columbus i ke kai Caribbean, ua hoʻouna ka Ming Chinese i nā flotillas i alakaʻi ʻia e Admiral Zheng He ma kekahi mau huakaʻi i nā wahi e hoʻopuni ana i ka Moana Inia no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā waiwai a me nā minerala.
ʻO ka huakaʻi mua a ka Adimarala he 185 mau moku.
Ua kūkulu ʻia he 62 a i ʻole 63 mau moku waiwai no ka huakaʻi mua, 440′-538′ lōʻihi a 210′ ākea, ʻehā papa, ʻeiwa kia, e hoʻoneʻe ana i kahi 20-30,000 mau tona, ma kahi o 1/3 a 1/2 ka nui. ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o kahi mokulele mokulele nui i kēia manawa.
Machuan a i ʻole “moku lio”, 340′ ka lōʻihi a 138′ ākea, 8 kia, lawe lio, lāʻau no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, a me nā waiwai hoʻokupu.
ʻO Liangchuan a i ʻole "nā moku kīʻaha". 257' ka loa a 115' laula, 7 kia, e lawe ana i ka palaoa no na ohua a me na koa.
ʻO Zuochuan a i ʻole “mokukaua, 220′ lōʻihi a 84′ ākea, ʻeono kia.
Nā moku kaua Zhanchuan, 165′ ka lōʻihi, 5 kia.
27-28,000 mau luina, koa, unuhi, a me na luina.
