He hui kahiko nā Picts i ulu nui ma Iron Age Scotland mai 79 a 843 CE. ʻOiai ko lākou noho pōkole ʻana, ua waiho lākou i kahi hōʻailona mau loa i ka mōʻaukala a me ka moʻomeheu o Scotland. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ko lākou hoʻoilina ma nā ʻano like ʻole e like me nā pōhaku Pictish, nā waihona kālā, a me nā hale kūkulu hale.
Ke kumu o na Picts
ʻO kekahi o nā enigmas hoihoi loa o nā Picts, ʻo ia ko lākou kumu, a ʻo ia ke kumuhana o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma waena o nā mea kākau moʻolelo a me nā archaeologists. Ua ʻae like ʻia lākou he hui ʻohana a ʻehiku aupuni. Eia nō naʻe, mau nō ke kumu maoli o nā Picts i uhiia i ka pohihihi. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "Pict" ponoʻī i loaʻa mai ka Latin "Picti", ʻo ia hoʻi "ka poʻe pena", a i ʻole mai ka inoa maoli ʻo "Pecht" ʻo ia hoʻi "nā kūpuna", e hōʻike ana i kā lākou mau moʻomeheu kūʻokoʻa.
ʻO ka ikaika o ka pūʻali koa: Ua kāpae lākou i nā Roma ikaika
Ua ʻike ʻia ka Picts no ko lākou ʻano koa a me ke komo ʻana i nā kaua. ʻO ke aupuni Roma paha ko lākou hoa paio kaulana loa. ʻOiai ua māhele ʻia lākou i nā ʻohana ʻokoʻa, i ka wā i hoʻouka ʻia ai nā Roma, e hui pū nā ʻohana Pictish ma lalo o kahi alakaʻi hoʻokahi e kūʻē iā lākou, e like me nā Celts i ka wā i lanakila ai ʻo Kaisara iā Gaul. ʻEkolu hoʻāʻo ʻana o ko Roma e lanakila ma luna o Kaledonia (ʻo ʻEkokia i kēia manawa), akā pōkole kēlā me kēia. Ua kūkulu lākou i ka pā ʻo Hadrian e hōʻailona i ko lākou palena ʻākau loa.
Ua noho pōkole ka poʻe Roma iā Scotland a hiki i Perth a kūkulu i kekahi pā, ʻo ka Pa Antonine, ma mua o ka hoʻi ʻana i ka pā o Hadrian. I ka makahiki 208 CE, ua alakaʻi ʻo Emperor Septimius Severus i kahi hoʻolaha e hoʻopau i nā Picts pilikia, akā ua hoʻohana lākou i nā hana guerrilla a pale i ka lanakila Roma. Ua make ʻo Severus i ka wā o ke kaua, a ua hoʻi kāna mau keiki i Roma. No ka lanakila mau ʻole o ko Roma i ka hoʻopio ʻana i nā Picts, ua haʻalele loa lākou i ka ʻāina.
ʻO ka mea hoihoi, ʻoiai he poʻe koa ʻino nā Picts, ua ʻano maluhia lākou i waena o lākou iho. ʻO kā lākou hakakā ʻana me nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe ma luna o nā pilikia liʻiliʻi e like me ka ʻaihue holoholona. Ua hoʻokumu lākou i kahi hui paʻakikī me nā hoʻolālā kaiaulu paʻakikī a me kahi ʻōnaehana politika i hoʻonohonoho ʻia. Ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia aupuni ʻehiku kona mau aliʻi a me kona mau kānāwai ponoʻī, e hōʻike ana i kahi hui i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia e mālama i ka maluhia i loko o kona mau palena.
ʻO ko lākou ola ʻana i hoʻohālikelike i ka wā e hiki mai ana o Scotland
I ka wā lōʻihi, ua hui pū nā Picts me nā moʻomeheu ʻē aʻe, e like me Dál Riata a me nā Anglians. ʻO kēia assimilation i alakaʻi i ka nalo ʻana o ko lākou ʻano Pictish a me ka puka ʻana mai o ke Aupuni Scots. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka mana o nā Picts i ka mōʻaukala a me ka moʻomeheu Scottish, no ka mea, ʻo kā lākou assimilation i hoʻokumu i ka wā e hiki mai ana o Scotland.
He aha ke ʻano o nā Picts?
Kūlike ʻole i ka manaʻo nui, ʻaʻole pololei ka hōʻike ʻana o nā Picts ma ke ʻano he olohelohe, koa peʻa. Ua komo lākou i nā ʻano lole like ʻole a hoʻonani iā lākou iho me nā mea nani. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ma muli o ke ʻano palaho o nā lole, ʻaʻole nui nā hōʻike o ko lākou lole i ola. Eia naʻe, ʻike ʻia nā ʻike archaeological, e like me nā brooches a me nā pine, ua haʻaheo lākou i ko lākou helehelena.
Nā pōhaku Pictish
ʻO kekahi o nā mea hoihoi loa i waiho ʻia e nā Picts ʻo ia nā pōhaku Pictish. Ua māhele ʻia kēia mau pōhaku kū i ʻekolu papa a hoʻonani ʻia me nā hōʻailona enigmatic. Manaʻo ʻia kēia mau hōʻailona he ʻāpana o ka ʻōlelo i kākau ʻia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i wehewehe ʻia ko lākou ʻano kikoʻī. Hāʻawi nā pōhaku Pictish i nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi i ka hana noʻeau a me ka moʻomeheu o nā Picts.
ʻO nā kālā kālā Pictish
ʻO kekahi ʻike kupaianaha e pili ana i nā Picts ʻo ia nā waihona kālā Pictish. Ua kanu ʻia kēia mau hoards e Pictish aristocrats a ua ʻike ʻia ma nā wahi like ʻole ma Scotland. Aia i loko o nā waihona nā mea kālā paʻakikī e hōʻike ana i ka hana akamai o nā Picts. ʻO ka mea nui, ua hana hou ʻia a hana hou ʻia kekahi o kēia mau mea kālā mai nā kiʻi kiʻi Roman, e hōʻike ana i ka hiki i nā Picts ke hoʻololi a hoʻokomo i nā mana haole i kā lākou moʻomeheu ponoʻī.
ʻElua mau waihona Pictish kaulana ʻo Norrie's Law Hoard a me St. Ninian's Isle Hoard. Aia i loko o ka Norrie's Law Hoard kekahi mau mea kālā, me nā brooches, nā kūpeʻe lima, a me nā kīʻaha. Pēlā nō, aia i loko o ka St. Ninian's Isle Hoard nā mea waiwai kālā he nui, me kahi kīʻaha kālā nani. Hāʻawi kēia mau waihona i nā noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi ʻaʻole wale i ka hana hana Pictish akā i kā lākou hoʻolālā waiwai a me ka nohona.
Nā manaʻo hope ma nā Picts
I ka hopena, ua uhi ʻia ke kumu o nā Picts i ka maopopo ʻole, me nā manaʻo kūʻē a me nā moʻolelo mōʻaukala liʻiliʻi. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe he mamo lākou mai ka poʻe kamaʻāina mua o Scotland, a ʻo kekahi poʻe i manaʻo he ʻohana Celtic lākou mai ka ʻāina nui o ʻEulopa i neʻe i ka ʻāina. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, e waiho ana i ko lākou moʻokūʻauhau maoli a me ka hoʻoilina he enigma puʻupuʻu.
ʻO ka mea i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ka Picts he poʻe akamai loa a me nā mea hana kiʻi, i ʻike ʻia e kā lākou mau pōhaku i kālai ʻia. ʻO kēia mau monuments pōhaku, ʻike ʻia ma ʻEkokia a puni, e loaʻa i nā hoʻolālā paʻakikī a me nā hōʻailona enigmatic ʻaʻole i wehewehe piha ʻia. Hōʻike kekahi i nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kaua a me ka hahai holoholona, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana i nā mea moʻokalaleo a me nā knotwork paʻakikī. ʻO kā lākou kumu a me ko lākou manaʻo e hoʻomau i ke kumuhana o ka noʻonoʻo ikaika, e hoʻoulu i ka hoʻowalewale o ka moʻomeheu kahiko o Picts.
ʻIke ʻia ka ʻike o ka Picts i ka hana metala ma nā waihona kālā i ʻike ʻia ma waena o Scotland. ʻO kēia mau waihona waiwai, kanu pinepine ʻia no ka mālama ʻana a i ʻole ka hana kuʻuna, hōʻike i ko lākou akamai i ka hana ʻana i nā mea nani a me nā mea hoʻonaninani. ʻO ka nani a me ka paʻakikī o kēia mau mea kiʻi e hōʻike ana i kahi moʻomeheu ulu aʻe, e hoʻonui hou ana i ka pohihihi e puni ana i nā Picts.
ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻaʻole nā Picts wale nō nā mea hana akamai akā he poʻe koa weliweli kekahi. ʻO nā moʻolelo mai ka poʻe kākau moʻolelo Roma e wehewehe iā lākou he mau hoa paio, e hoʻouka kaua ana i nā poʻe hoʻouka kaua Roma a me ka hoʻokuke ʻana i nā hoʻouka kaua Viking. ʻO ka ikaika o ka pūʻali koa Picts, i hui pū ʻia me kā lākou mau hōʻailona huna a me ke ʻano kūʻokoʻa, e hoʻohui i ka hoʻowalewale o kā lākou hui pohihihi.
I ka hala ʻana o nā keneturi, ua hui mālie nā Picts me ka poʻe Scots ʻōlelo Gaelic, ʻo kā lākou moʻomeheu kūʻokoʻa e nalowale ana i loko o ka pouli. I kēia mau lā, ke ola nei kā lākou hoʻoilina i nā koena o kā lākou mau hale kahiko, kā lākou hana hoʻohiwahiwa, a me nā nīnau liʻiliʻi e hoʻopuni ana i ko lākou kaiāulu.
Ma hope o ka heluhelu ʻana e pili ana i ka honua pohihihi o Picts kahiko, heluhelu e pili ana Ua kūkulu ʻia ke kūlanakauhale kahiko o Ipiutak e ka lāhui lauoho nani me nā maka uliuli. alaila heluhelu e pili ana i ka Soknopaiou Nesos: He kūlanakauhale pohihihi kahiko ma ka wao nahele o Fayum.
