I ka makahiki 2008, ua unuhi ʻia kahi papa pālolo cuneiform - i hoʻopiʻi i ka poʻe naʻauao no nā makahiki he 150 ʻoi aku - no ka manawa mua. Ua ʻike ʻia ka papa i kēia manawa he ʻike Sumerian i kēia manawa o kahi hopena asteroid ma Köfels, Austria. Akā, ʻaʻohe lua lua ma ka ʻāina ʻo Köfels, no laila, i ka maka o kēia wā, ʻaʻole ia e nānā pono i kahi kahua hopena, a ʻo ka hanana ʻo Köfels e mau ana ka hypothetical a hiki i kēia lā. No laila, ʻo nā hōʻike maopopo i loko o ka papa pālolo cuneiform i pīhoihoi i ka poʻe noiʻi mua i uhi ʻia i ka pohihihi!
ʻO ka Sumerian Planisphere - kahi Star Hōkū i poina ʻia
I ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, ua loaʻa mai kahi papa pōhaku pōʻai poʻe ʻē aʻe mai ka hale waihona puke lalo o 650 BC o King Ashurbanipal ma Nineveh, Iraq, na Henry Layard. Ua manaʻo lōʻihi ʻo ia he papa ʻAsuria, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka loiloi kamepiula me ka lani ma luna o Mesopotamia i 3,300 BC a ua hōʻoia ʻo ia he ʻoi aku ka kahiko o ke kumu Sumerian.
No nā makahiki he 150 ua ho'āʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻoponopono i ka mea pohihihi o kēia papa pālolo cuneiform controversial e hōʻike ana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Köfel's impact event i ʻike ʻia e nā Sumerians i ka wā kahiko. He mea kupaianaha kēia i hāʻule ai kahi asteroid lōʻihi i ka Alps, kokoke i Köfels, Austria ma mua o 5,600 mau makahiki i hala.
ʻO ka papa he "Astrolabe," ʻo ia ka mea ʻike astronomia mua loa. Aia i loko o kahi pakuhi hōkū i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, pā hōkū ʻia me nā anakahi i kaha ʻia i ke ana ʻana i kau ʻia ma luna o ka palena. Minamina, nā hapa nui (ma kahi o 40%) o ka planisphere ma kēia pāka e nalo ana, nā pōʻino i hiki i ka wā o ka ʻānai ʻia ʻana o Nineva. ʻAʻole kākau ka hope o ka pākaukau.
Ua hoʻomohala ʻia paha ka lāhui Sumerian kahiko ma ke ʻano o kahi palapala kākau, no ka laʻana, akā maopopo lākou i ka astronomy a me ka lani o ka pō i kekahi kikoʻī. A ʻike ʻia kēia mai kēia Palapala Hōkū Sumerian 5600 makahiki.
Eia nō naʻe ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nei e nā poʻe ʻepekema hou, ka papa cuneiform ma ka waihona Hale Hōʻikeʻike Pelekane ʻo No K8538 - i kapa ʻia ʻo "The Planisphere" - hāʻawi i kahi hōʻoia kupaianaha no ka noho ʻana o ka astronomy Sumerian sophisticated.
10 mau mea hoihoi e pili ana i ka Sumerian Planisphere
ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia ma mua o 150 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua unuhi ʻia ka Sumerian Planisphere he mau makahiki he XNUMX wale nō i hala, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻike kahiko loa o kahi mea extraterrestrial i hele mai mai ka ākea a pae i ka ʻili o ka Honua - he kometa. Eia, ma kēia ʻatikala, kekahi o nā ʻike nui e pili ana i kēia Palapala ʻāina Sumerian kahiko.
1 | ʻO ka lā pololei o ka hopena o ka comet
Hāʻawi nā palapala o ka papa i ka lā a me ka manawa kūpono no ka hopena o ka meteor i manaʻo ʻia ma ka Honua: Iune 29, 3123 BC, e like me nā palapala.
2 | Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā wahi i hoʻoneʻe ʻia o ka Royal Library of King Ashurbanipal i 20,000 mau papa me ka Sumerian Planisphere.
ʻOi aku ma mua o 20,000 mau papa kahiko i ʻeli ʻia e ka poʻe kālaihonua i ka wā e ʻeli ai i kahi kahua kahiko o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Nineveh, kahi mau makahiki i hoʻopau ʻia. ʻO ka "Planisphere," ʻo ia ka mea a mākou e kamaʻilio nei i kēia lā, ua manaʻo nui ʻia ʻo ia ka mea paʻakikī loa e wehewehe. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, 150 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua unuhi ʻia nā palapala i koe, e hōʻike ana i ka waiwai o ka ʻike i ʻike ʻole ʻia.
3 | ʻO ka Planisphere kahi kope pololei o ka mea mua
Manaʻo nā kānaka noiʻi he kope like ka Planisphere o kahi papaha kumu mua i haku ʻia e ka mea kilo hōkū a me ka mea nānā i ka hanana maoli i kona wā e ola ana.
4 | Hōʻike kahi moʻo kiʻi ʻewalu i ka hanana holoʻokoʻa, mai ke ʻano o ke kometa i kona hopena hopena
ʻOiai ka nui o kona nui (ma kahi o 14 mau kenimika ke anawaena), hōʻike ka papa Sumerian Star Map i ka papa o nā hanana ma ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā ia i ʻewalu mau ʻāpana a i ʻole nā kiʻi. Ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā palapala i luku ʻia i ka manawa, akā hiki ke unuhi ʻia nā ʻāpana i koe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana o kēia manawa. ʻOiai ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui a me ka ʻili, ua hoʻokō ka mea nāna i hana i ka papa i ka nui o ka ʻike e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana a me kāna mau hopena.
5 | Aia nā kiʻi kiʻi o nā hōkū a me ko lākou mau inoa kūpono ma ka palapala ʻāina ʻo Sumerian Star
ʻAʻole pili i ka ulu ʻole o ko mākou manaʻo i ko mākou mau kūpuna kahiko, akā ʻo ka mea ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua ʻoi aku ko lākou ʻike i ka lani pō a me nā hōkū hōkū ma mua o ko mākou manaʻo. Aia nā kiʻi hoʻohālikelike ma ka Planisphere, me ko lākou mau inoa a me kahi e pili ana i ke ala hele o ka comet. ʻO ke kiʻi ʻekolu, no ka laʻana, hōʻike i ka hele ʻana o ka comet ma waena o Orion ma ka lā 9 o ka mālama.
6 | Ua hoʻohana ka mea kilo hōkū kahiko i nā ana trigonometric pololei loa
Ua loaʻa i ka astronomer kahiko kahi hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi loa i ka trigonometry a hiki iā ia ke hoʻopaʻa i ke ala lele a ke kometa, ka manawa o ka hōʻea ʻana, a me ka mamao i huakaʻi ʻia mai ka manawa i ʻike mua ʻia ai i ka lani.
7 | ʻO nā kiʻi ʻelima mua e wehewehe ana i nā lā he 20 o ka mālama ʻana i ka hōkū
Ua ʻōlelo mua ʻia ua māhele ʻia ka papa i ʻewalu mau ʻāpana a i ʻole nā kiʻi, i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano sequential. He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kēia kaʻina, mai ka mua a ka ʻelima, nā mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka ʻike mua ʻana i ka astronomical a hiki i ka hopena o ka lā 20 ma mua o ka hopena o ka lā iwakāluakūmākahi. No laila, hōʻike ʻia ke kometa i loko o kēia mau kiʻi ʻelima ke ʻike ʻia ma luna o ka pae.
8 | ʻO ke kiʻi ʻeono a me ka hiku e wehewehe i ka hopena a me kāna hopena
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i ʻike ka mea nānā i ka hopena mai kahi mamao loa ʻoiai ʻo ia ka hopena o kona ola ʻana, ua wehewehe ʻo ia i nā kukui uila i ka lewa a me ka piʻi nui ʻana o nā lehu lehu ma muli o ka hui ʻana, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka papa ʻaina. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, hopu ke kiʻi ʻehiku i ka holoʻokoʻa o nā hanana i kū i ka pō ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka meteor. Ma waho aʻe o ka lani, piʻi aʻe nā kolamu ʻulaʻula wela a me nā kolamu lepo i luna o ka wai, ʻike ʻia i ka pōʻeleʻele.
9 | ʻO ke kiʻi ʻewalu, ʻo ia ke kī hope loa, e komo pū ana me ka helu ʻana i ke ala hele a ke kometa
ʻAʻole i hoʻopau ka astronomer kahiko i kāna mau mea i ʻike ai a hiki i ka manawa i hana ai ʻo ia i kahi kuhi pololei o ke ala hele a ke kometa ma mua o kona kuʻi ʻana me ka Honua. Ma ka lā 21 o ka nānā ʻana ma hope o ka hana ʻana o ka kiʻi ʻewalu ma hope o ka hopena. ʻEhā mau ʻike o ka lele ʻana o ke kometa i ka lā ma mua o ka hopena o ka hopena i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia kiʻi. Kupaianaha, ʻo ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻikepili i kākau ʻia ma ka papapihi ʻoi aku ma mua o ka mea kupaianaha, keu hoʻi e noʻonoʻo ana i ka hōʻiliʻili holoʻokoʻa o nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma mua o 5,200 mau makahiki i hala.
10 | ʻO ka comet i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Sumerian Star Map ua hoʻopau paha i kekahi mau lāhui kahiko
He kuleana ko Meteors no ka luku ʻia o ke ola ma ka Honua i nā manawa he nui i loko o ka mōʻaukala, a kuhi ka poʻe ʻepekema he hopena koʻikoʻi paha kā kēia kometa i ke ola i ka honua kahiko. ʻO ke kikoʻī loa, ke kūlanakauhale kahiko o Akkad, kahi i hiki ʻole ai i nā archaeologists ke huli, hiki ke luku ʻia e ka hopena kometa. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka wahi kikoʻī o kēia kūlanakauhale fabled mai ka wā kahiko, eia nō naʻe naʻe ua luku ʻia ia no ka mea pili loa ia i ka hopena o ka hopena. Ua holoi wale ka kometa i nā mea āpau.
Hiki paha i ka Papa K8535 ke pane i kahi pohō pohihihi pohihihi ma Köfels?
ʻO ka ʻāina nui nunui ma Köfels ma Austria he 500 mika ka mānoanoa a ʻelima mau mile ke anawaena a he mea pohihihi ia mai ka wā i nānā aku ai nā kālaihonua i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19. ʻO ka hopena i huki ʻia e ka noiʻi ma waena o ke kenekulia 20 ma muli o ka hopena nui o ka meteor ma muli o nā hōʻike o nā ʻāpana a me nā pahū.
Akā ua lilo ka ʻike i kēia ʻike ma ke ʻano he ʻike ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pūnaewele hopena i kūkulu ʻia i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 20. Eia nō naʻe, nā hōʻike ʻike kūʻokoʻa i kākau ʻia ma ka papa Sumerian Planisphere K8535 e hoʻihoʻi i ke kumumanaʻo hopena i ka pāʻani. ʻAʻole anei?
Panina
ʻO ka papa K8535 kahi kope Babulona ma hope o kahi papa astronomical Sumerian mua. ʻO ka palapala kumu, i nānā ʻia i ke koʻikoʻi nui, ua kope ʻia ma mua o 2,500 mau makahiki.
Ua hala ka comet i ʻike ʻia ma Pleiades, Aldebaran, neʻe mua aku i Orion a hopena hope loa i loko o ka mahiai kiʻekiʻe loa, hoʻokumu ʻia i ka mahi wai o Akkad a me Sumer, i ka 3123 BC, e luku ana i ka mōʻī nui Akkadian a me ke kapikala nui o Agade.
Ma kahi o 40% o ka papaka e nalo ana. ʻO ka mea pōmaikaʻi, mālama ʻia ke ala lele holoʻokoʻa o ka kometa. ʻO nā ʻāpana wāwahi i ka hapanui e pili ana i nā mea e pili ana i ka hopena ponoʻī a me ka hopena ma hope koke iho, e hoʻopaʻa ana i nā mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka hale kiaʻi e nānā ana, e nānā ana i kahi o ka pae. Kūpono ka ʻike e kūkulu hou i ka mua kometa mua a me ke kaʻina hana hopena.
Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hōʻike hōʻike K8538 ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka nui o nā mele kanikau "Mesopotamian" i mālama ʻia, e hōʻike nei i ka hopena o Akkad a me Sumer e kahi ʻino nui.
Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia kēia mau kanikau ma ke kahua i ka lehulehu ma mua o ka millennia, me ka background drummer. ʻO kā lākou ʻano mele kanikau kanikau i kuhi hewa i nā assyriologists o kēia au e manaʻo ai he mea ʻole kēlā mau palapala akā he leʻaleʻa mele mele a me ka mystical, a ʻaʻohe makani ʻinoʻino i Sumer, me ka nānā ʻole i nā mea i ʻike ʻia he haneli o nā mea hōʻike mōʻaukala.
ʻO ka papa nānā K8538 i hana ʻia e kahi mea kilokilo kilokilo Sumerian, ka mea i ʻike i ka nui o ka mōʻaukala o ka hanana ma kāna hale kiaʻi kiaʻi a ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e palapala. Ua hāʻawi nā mea kākau iā Bond lāua ʻo Hempsell iā ia i ka inoa ʻo "Lugalansheigibar - ke kanaka nui nāna i nānā ka lani."
Hōʻike kāna mau ʻike trigonometrical i ka hoʻokokoke ʻana a me nā hopena terrestrial. No kēia kumu, kiaʻi ʻia ʻo K8538, hoʻihoʻi ʻia a kope ʻia ma luna o nā makahiki kaukani. Hōʻike ka papa i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻepekema a me ka astronomy i hōʻea i ʻehā tausani mau makahiki i hala.
I kēia lā, ʻaʻole pili wale ka waiwai maoli o K8538 i ka mōʻaukala. He waiwai nui nō hoʻi ia no kēia lā a me ka wā e hiki mai ana o ke kanaka, no ka mea, paʻa i loko o ia kahi hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa a pololei hoʻi o kahi asteroid cosmic pōʻino, e hoʻopilikia ana i ka Honua.
