Kangangeminyaka emininzi, umfanekiso weVenus weWillendorf ubunomtsalane kwizazinzulu. Lo mfanekiso uqingqiweyo wenziwa malunga neminyaka engama-30,000 eyadlulayo ngomnye weyona mizekelo midala yobugcisa obubonisa abantu kwaye uye wabalelwa kwixesha le-Upper Paleolithic, eyilwe ngabazingeli abangabahambi.
Ngomnyaka we-1908, ngexesha lokomba kufutshane nelali yase-Willendorf e-Lower Austria, umfanekiso we-11.1-centimeter-ubude (4.4 in) owaziwa ngokuba yi-'Venus of Willendorf' wafunyanwa. Ukubonakaliswa kwabasetyhini abagqithisileyo okanye abakhulelweyo, abakhoyo kwiincwadi ezininzi zembali yobugcisa, ixesha elide litolikwa njengeempawu zokuzala okanye ubuhle.
KwiYunivesithi yaseColorado School of Medicine, uRichard Johnson, MD uthe ngo-2020 ufumene idatha eyaneleyo yokuncedisa ekutyhileni i-enigma ejikeleze iVenus ye-Willendorf figurine. Ngokutsho kukaJohnson, isitshixo ekuqondeni imimiselo kukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokutya.
“Eminye imizobo yamandulo ehlabathini yile mizobo ingaqondakaliyo yabantu basetyhini abatyebe ngokugqithisileyo ukususela kwixesha labazingeli ababeqokelela abantu kwi-Ice Age Europe apho ubungalindelanga ukubona ukutyeba kwaphela,” utshilo uJohnson. "Sibonisa ukuba le mifuziselo ihambelana namaxesha oxinzelelo olugqithisileyo lwezondlo."
Iqela lophando, elikhokelwa yi-anthropologist uGerhard Weber ovela kwiYunivesithi yaseVienna, kwaye iquka izazi zejoloji u-Alexander Lukeneder noMathias Harzhauser, kunye nombhali-mbali uWalpurga Antl-Weiser ovela kwiMbali yeNdalo yaseVienna, uye wasebenzisa imifanekiso ye-tomographic enesisombululo esiphezulu ukufumana izinto leyo iVenus yayikrolwe kusenokwenzeka ukuba yayivela kumantla eItali. Oku kufunyanisiweyo kubalaseleyo kuqaqambisa ukushukuma kwabantu bokuqala bale mihla phakathi kweendawo ezisemantla nezisemazantsi eAlps.
Umfanekiso weVenus, oneminyaka engama-30,000 ubudala, wenziwa kwi-olite, uhlobo lwelitye elingafumanekiyo kwindawo yase-Willendorf. I-Venus von Willendorf iyingqayizivele kungekhona nje ngokuyila kwayo kodwa nakwizinto ezisetyenziselwa ukuyidala. Eminye imizobo yeVenus iqhele ukubunjwa ukusuka kuphondo lwendlovu, ithambo, okanye amatye ahlukeneyo, ukanti iVenus yaseOstriya yaseOstriya yenziwa nge-oolite, iyenza yahluke kwizinto zonqulo.
Kwi-1908, umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wafunyanwa eWachau kwaye ngoku uboniswa kwiMyuziyam yeMbali yeNdalo yaseVienna. Nangona kunjalo, kude kube ngoku, ifundwe kuphela ngaphandle. I-Anthropologist uGerhard Weber ovela kwiYunivesithi yaseVienna ngoku uqeshe indlela entsha yokuvavanya ngaphakathi kwayo: i-micro-computed tomography. Izikena zinesisombululo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-11.5 micrometers, edla ngokubonwa kuphela nge-microscope. Into yokuqala efunyenweyo kukuba “iVenus ayijongi ngokufanayo kwaphela ngaphakathi. Ipropathi ekhethekileyo enokusetyenziswa ukufumanisa imvelaphi yayo,” itsho njalo isazi ngendalo.
U-Alexander Lukeneder kunye no-Mathias Harzhauser abavela kwi-Natural History Museum eVienna, ababekhe basebenza kunye neeolites, badityaniswa liqela lokuhlalutya kunye nokuthelekisa iisampuli ezivela e-Austria naseYurophu. Iphulo elintsonkothileyo, eli qela lafumana amatye amatye asuka eFransi asiya kwimpuma yeUkraine, ukusuka eJamani ukuya eSicily, lawasika laza lawahlolisisa ngemikroskopu. Uhlalutyo lwenziwe lwaba nokwenzeka ngenxa yenkxaso-mali enikezelwe ngurhulumente waseOstriya esezantsi.
Ngaphakathi kwakhona inika ulwazi malunga ngaphandle
Idatha ye-Tomographic evela kwiVenus ibonise ukuba intlenga egciniweyo ematyeni yahluka ngokobukhulu kunye nokuxinana. Kunye nezi, amaqhekeza amancinci amaqokobhe kunye neenkozo ezintandathu ezinkulu, ezishinyeneyo ezibizwa ngokuba 'yi-limonites' nazo zafunyanwa. Oku kucacisa imingxuma ejikelezayo yobukhulu obufanayo kumphezulu weVenus: “Iilimoni eziqinileyo mhlawumbi zaqhambuka xa umenzi weVenus wayeyikrola,” uchaza uWeber. "Kwimeko yenkaba yeVenus, emva koko wayenza yayisidima ngenxa yemfuneko."
Enye into efunyanisiweyo: I-Venus oolite inemingxuma ngenxa yokuba ii-cores zezigidi zeeglowubhu (ii-ooides) eziqulethwe kuzo ziye zanyibilika. Oku kwenza ukuba ibe yinto enqwenelekayo kumkroli kwiminyaka engama-30,000 eyadlulayo, njengoko kulula ukusebenza ngayo. Iqokobhe elincinane, elizimilimitha ezi-2.5 kuphela ubude, nalo lafunyanwa kwaye labhalwa emva kwexesha leJurassic. Oku kwakungabandakanyi ukuba nokwenzeka kwamatye ukuba abe yinxalenye yexesha leMiocene geological eVienna Basin.
Abaphandi baphonononge ngokucokisekileyo ubungakanani beengqolowa zezinye iisampuli. Basebenzisa iinkqubo zokucwangcisa imifanekiso kwaye babala ngesandla kwaye balinganisa amawaka eenkozo zomntu ngamnye. Akukho nanye iisampulu kumgama oziikhilomitha ezingama-200 kwirediyasi yase-Willendorf ehambelana nokude. Uhlalutyo lubonise ukuba iisampulu ezivela kwiVenus zazifana ngokwezibalo nezo zisuka kumantla e-Italiya kufutshane neLake Garda. Oku kungakholeleki, okuthetha ukuba iVenus (okanye izinto zayo) yaqalisa uhambo lwayo ukusuka emazantsi eAlps ukuya eDanube emantla eAlps.
"Abantu baseGravettian - inkcubeko yesixhobo sexesha - bakhangele kwaye bahlala kwiindawo ezifanelekileyo. Xa imozulu okanye amaxhoba atshintshayo, ayehamba, mhlawumbi egudle imilambo,” ucacisa ngelitshoyo uGerhard Weber. Uhambo olunjalo lwalunokuthabatha izizukulwana ngezizukulwana.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, abaphandi balinganisa enye yeendlela ezimbini ezinokubakho ukusuka emazantsi ukuya emantla, bethatha indlela ejikeleze iiAlps kunye nePannonian Plain. Olunye ulwalathiso, nangona kunjalo, lwaluza kudlula kwiiAlps, nangona kungaqinisekanga ukuba oku kwakunokwenzeka ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30,000 eyadlulayo ngenxa yemozulu embi ngelo xesha. Le ndlela ingenye ibingenakufane yenzeke ukuba bekukho imikhenkce eqhubekayo ngoko. Ngaphandle kweekhilomitha ezingama-35 eLake Reschen, uhambo olude oluyi-730 km ecaleni kwe-Etsch, Inn, kunye neDanube belusoloko lungaphantsi kwe-1000 m ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.
Okunokwenzeka, kodwa kuncinci, ukudibanisa kwimpuma yeUkraine
Idatha ibonisa ukuba emantla e-Italy ngumthombo we-Venus oolite rock. Noko ke, kukho enye imvelaphi enokwenzeka kwimpuma yeUkraine, kumgama ongaphezu kweekhilomitha ezili-1,600 XNUMX ukusuka eWillendorf. Iisampulu azihambelani ngokuchanekileyo njengezo zivela e-Itali, kodwa zingcono kunayo nayiphi na enye. Ngaphezu koko, amanani eVenus abekwe kumazantsi eRussia kufutshane, abancinci kancinci kodwa babonakala befana kakhulu neVenus efumaneka eOstriya. Ukongezelela, iziphumo zemfuza zibonisa ukuba abantu bakuMbindi nakwiMpuma Yurophu babenxibelelana ngelo xesha.
Ibali elichulumancisayo leVenus yaseOstriya esezantsi linokuqhutyelwa phambili. Okwangoku, zimbalwa kuphela izifundo zesayensi eziye zavavanya ubukho babantu bexesha elidlulileyo kwingingqi yeAlpine kunye nokuhamba kwabo. Ngokomzekelo, u-“Ötzi” owaziwayo, waqala emva kwiminyaka engama-5,300 XNUMX eyadlulayo. Ngoncedo lweziphumo zeVenus kunye nothungelwano olutsha olusekelwe eVienna lophando lwe-Human Evolution kunye ne-Archaeological Sciences, ngokubambisana ne-anthropology, i-archaeology, kunye nezinye izifundo, u-Weber unenjongo yokukhanyisa ngakumbi kwimbali yokuqala yengingqi ye-Alpine.
Uphononongo lwapapashwa okokuqala kwijenali Iingxelo zeSayensi NgoFebhuwari 28, 2022.
Emva kokufunda ngeVenus yeWillendorf, funda malunga Ngaba imifanekiso yeVinča eneminyaka engama-5,000 ubudala inokuba bubungqina bempembelelo yangaphandle komhlaba?
