Iidiski zeJade-Izinto zakudala zeMvelaphi engaqondakaliyo

Inkcubeko yaseLiangzhu idume ngezithethe zayo zokungcwaba, ezibandakanya ukubeka abafileyo babo kwiibhokisi zamaplanga ngaphezulu komhlaba. Ngaphandle kwemingcwabo yebhokisi yeplanga edumileyo, enye into emangalisayo efunyenwe kule nkcubeko yakudala yayiyiJade Discs.

UBi kunye needragons ezimbini kunye neepateni eziziinkozo, iWaring States, ngakwiNtaba eShanghai Meseum — I-Jade Bi disc eneedragons ezimbini kunye nepateni yengqolowa, iWaring states, yiNtaba eShanghai Meseum © Wikimedia Commons

Ezi diski zifunyenwe kumangcwaba angaphezu kwamashumi amabini kwaye kucingelwa ukuba zimele ilanga nenyanga kumjikelo wazo wesibhakabhaka kunye nabagcini behlabathi. Nangona kunjalo, imfihlelo ejikeleze ezi Jade Discs ikhokelele abembi bezinto zakudala kunye neethiyori ukuba bacinge ngeethiyori ezahlukeneyo ezinomdla; kwaye eyona njongo yezi diski zingaqhelekanga ayikaziwa.

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I. Inkcubeko yaseLiangzhu kunye neeDiskhi zeJade

II. Ziziphi iidiski ze-bi?

III. Ayesetyenziselwa ntoni iidiski ze-bi?

IV. Ngaba iiDiscs zeJade ezifunyenwe eLiangzhu ziqhagamshelwe ngokwenene kwiDropa Stone Discs ngandlela thile?

Inkcubeko yaseLiangzhu kunye neeDiskhi zeJade

Imodeli yesixeko sakudala saseLiangzhu, eboniswe kwiMyuziyam yaseLiangzhu. © Wikimedia Commons

Inkcubeko yaseLiangzhu yachuma kwiDelta yoMlambo waseChina iYangtze phakathi kwe3400 kunye ne2250 BC. Ngokweziphumo zophando lwezinto zakudala kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, amalungu odidi oluphezulu lwenkcubeko aye adityaniswa kunye nezinto ezenziwe ngesilika, i-lacquer, indlovu kunye nejeyidi-iminerali eluhlaza esetyenziselwa ubucwebe okanye imihombiso. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwakukho ulwahlulo lodidi olwahlukileyo ngeli xesha.

I-Chinese bi Discs, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-Chinese bi, iphakathi kwezona zinto zimangalisayo kwaye zinomdla kuzo zonke izinto ezenziwe kwi-China yakudala. Ezi diski zamatye zikhulu zancanyathiselwa kwimizimba yezidwangube zaseTshayina ziqala ubuncinci kwiminyaka engama-5,000 eyadlulayo.

Jade bi ukusuka kwinkcubeko Liangzhu. Into yesiko luphawu lobutyebi kunye namandla omkhosi. © Wikimedia Commons

Iimeko zamva zeediski ze-bi, ezenziwe ngejade kunye neglasi, zisukela emva kwe-Shang (1600-1046 BC), iZhou (1046-256 BC), kunye namaxesha kaHan (202 BC-220 AD). Nangona zenziwe nge-jade, ilitye elomeleleyo kakhulu, injongo yazo yokuqala kunye nendlela yokwakha ihlala iyimfihlakalo kwizazinzulu.

Ziziphi iidiski ze-bi?

IJade, ilitye elinqabileyo elinqabileyo elenziwe ngeeminerali ezininzi ze-silicate, lisetyenziswa rhoqo ekwenziweni kweevasi, ubucwebe, kunye nezinye izinto zokuhombisa. Iza kwiindidi ezimbini eziphambili, i-nephrite kunye ne-jadeite, kwaye ayinambala ngaphandle kokuba ingcoliswe enye into (efana ne-chromium), apho ithatha i-hue eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Iidiski zeJade, ezikwaziwa ngokuba zii-bi discs, zenziwe ngabantu baseLiangzhu baseTshayina kwiXesha leNeolithic elisekupheleni. Ziyizangqa ezingqukuva, ezisicaba ezenziwe ngenephrite. Baye bafunyanwa phantse kuwo onke amangcwaba abalulekileyo empucuko yaseHongshan (3800-2700 BC) kwaye basinda kwinkcubeko yaseLiangzhu (3000-2000 BC), bebonisa ukuba babaluleke kakhulu kuluntu lwabo.

Ayesetyenziselwa ntoni iidiski ze-bi?

Ifunyenwe kwiNgcwaba likaKumkani uChu kwiNtaba yeNgonyama kwiNtshona yeHan Dynasty — I-Jade Bi Disk enoYilo lweDragon yafunyanwa kwiNgcwaba likaKing Chu kwiNtaba yeNgonyama kwiNtshona yeHan Wikimedia Commons

Amatye ayebekwe kwindawo ebonakalayo kwisidumbu somfi, kufutshane nesifuba okanye isisu, kwaye ahlala ebandakanya iisimboli ezinxulumene nesibhakabhaka. IJade yaziwa ngesiTshayina njenge "YU," ekwabonisa ubunyulu, ubutyebi, kunye nembeko.

Kuyamangaza ukuba kutheni i-Neolithic yaseTshayina yakudala ikhethe iJade, kuba iyinto enzima kangaka ukusebenza nayo ngenxa yokuqina kwayo.

Kuba akukho zixhobo zetsimbi ezifunyenweyo ngelo xesha, abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba zenziwe kusetyenziswa inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yibrazing kunye nokupolisha, nto leyo ebiya kuthatha ixesha elide ukuyigqiba. Ngoko ke, umbuzo ocacileyo ovelayo apha ngowokuba kutheni beza kuya kumzamo onjalo?

Enye inkcazo enokwenzeka yokubaluleka kwezi diski zamatye kukuba ziboshwe kwisithixo okanye izithixo. Abanye baye bacingela ukuba bamele ilanga, ngelixa abanye bebabona njengophawu lwevili, zombini ziyi-cyclical kwindalo, kufana nobomi nokufa.

Ukubaluleka kweeDiscs zeJade kubonakaliswa yinto yokuba emfazweni, iqela eloyisiweyo lalifuneka ukuba lihambise iJade Discs kumnqobi njengesenzo sokungeniswa. Zazingezozinto zokuhombisa nje.

Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba ibali eliyimfihlakalo le Iidiski zeDropa Stone, ezikwayi-disc-shaped stones kwaye kuthiwa i-12,000 yeminyaka ubudala, ixhunyiwe kwibali le-Jade Discs. Amatye eDropa kuthiwa afunyenwe emqolombeni kwiintaba zaseBaian Kara-Ula, ezikumda ophakathi kweTshayina neTibet.

Ngaba iiDiscs zeJade ezifunyenwe eLiangzhu ziqhagamshelwe ngokwenene kwiDropa Stone Discs ngandlela thile?

Ngo-1974, u-Ernst Wegerer, injineli yase-Austrian, wafota iidiski ezimbini ezidibana neenkcazo zeDropa Stones. Wayekukhenketho olukhokelwayo lwaseBanpo-Museum eXian, xa wabona iidiski zamatye ziboniswa. Ubanga ukuba ubone umngxuma kumbindi wediski nganye kunye ne-hieroglyphs kwinxalenye yegrooves efana ne-spiral.

Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bakrwela iintloko zabo kwiidiski ze-jade kangangeminyaka, kodwa ngenxa yokuba zenziwa ngexesha apho kwakungekho zirekhodi ezibhaliweyo, ukubaluleka kwazo kuseyimfihlakalo kuthi. Ngenxa yoko, umbuzo wokuba yintoni intsingiselo yeeDiscs zeJade kwaye kutheni zadalwa awukasonjululwa. Ngaphezu koko, akukho mntu unokuqinisekisa okwangoku ukuba i-Jade Discs yayinxulumene neDropa Stone Discs okanye cha.

Ukwazi ngakumbi malunga nabantu baseDropa abangaqondakaliyo be-Himalayas ephezulu kunye neediski zabo zamatye ezintsonkothileyo, funda eli nqaku linomdla. Apha.