Ubudala beViking lixesha lembali egutyungelwe yimfihlakalo kunye nentsomi, uninzi lwento esiyaziyo malunga nayo isekwe kwizinto zakudala eziye zafunyanwa kule minyaka idlulileyo. Kutshanje, uhlalutyo lwe-radar olungena kumhlaba kwindawo yokungcwaba eNorway lubonakalise into emangalisayo: iintsalela zokungcwatywa kwenqanawa.
Abembi bezinto zakudala bafumanisa inqanawa yeViking entle eziimitha ezingama-20 ubude xa bekusembiwa ingcwaba leSalhushaugen eKarmøy eNtshona Norway. Ekuqaleni, indunduma bekukholelwa ukuba ayinanto, kodwa oku kufunyaniswayo kutshintshe yonke into. Oku kufunyaniswayo kumnandi kukhanyisa ukukhanya okutsha kwimingcwabo yeViking kunye neenkolelo zabo malunga nobomi basemva kokufa.
Indunduma yaphandwa okokuqala kwinkulungwane eyadlulayo ngumembi wezinto zakudala, uHaakon Shetelig, nangona kunjalo, ukugrunjwa ngelo xesha akuzange kubonise bungqina bokuba inqanawa yayingcwatywe kwindawo. UShetelig wayekhe wagrumba ingcwaba lenqanawa etyebileyo yeViking kufutshane nje, apho yafunyanwa khona iGrønhaugskipet, wemba nenqanawa yodumo yaseOseberg – eyona nqanawa inkulu ehlabathini negcineke kakuhle esaphila iViking – ngo-1904. ESalshaugen wafumana imihlakulo yeplanga eli-15 kunye ezinye iintolo.
Ngokutsho komembi wezinto zakudala uHåkon Reiersen osuka kwiYunivesithi yaseStavanger's Museum of Archaeology, uHaakon Shetelig wayedanile kakhulu kukuba induli ayizange iphandwe ngokubhekele phaya. Noko ke, kuye kwavela ukuba uShetelig akazange embe nzulu ngokwaneleyo.
Malunga nonyaka ongaphambili, ngoJuni ka-2022, abembi bezinto zakudala bagqiba kwelokuba bakhangele lo mmandla besebenzisa irada engena emhlabeni ekwabizwa ngokuba yigeoradar-isixhobo esisebenzisa amaza kanomathotholo ukwenza imephu ephantsi komhlaba. Kwaye khangela kwaye khangela-kwakukho umzobo wenqanawa yeViking.
Abembi bezinto zakudala bakhetha ukugcina ukufunyanwa kwabo kuyimfihlo de bagqibe ukugrumba kunye nokuhlola kwaye baqiniseke ngakumbi malunga noko bakufumanisileyo. “Imiqondiso ye-georadar ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukumila kwenqanawa eziimitha ezingama-20 ubude. Ibanzi kwaye ikhumbuza inqanawa yase-Oseberg,” utshilo uReiersen.
Inqanawa yase-Oseberg ilinganisa malunga neemitha ezingama-22 ubude nangaphezulu nje kweemitha ezi-5 ububanzi. Ukongezelela, imiqondiso efana nenqanawa ibekwe embindini wenduli, kanye apho inqanawa yomngcwabo yayibekwe khona. Oku kubonisa ngamandla ukuba le, ngokwenene, yinqanawa yokungcwaba.
Le nqanawa ifana nenqanawa yeViking ebizwa ngokuba yiStorhaug, eyafunyanwa eKarmøy ngowe-1886.
“UShetelig wafumana ilitye elikhulu elisazinge eSalhushaugen, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba laliluhlobo lwesibingelelo esasisetyenziselwa ukwenza amadini. I-sleb efana kakhulu yafunyanwa kwinduli yeStorhaug nayo, kwaye oku kubopha inqanawa entsha kwinqanawa yaseStorhaug kwangethuba, ”utshilo uReiersen.
Enkosi kolu bhaqo lumangalisayo, iKarmøy, ebiyindawo yembali yamandla ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-3000 kunxweme olusemazantsi-ntshona eNorway, ngoku inokuzingca ngokuba neenqanawa ezintathu zeViking.
Inqanawa yeStorhaug yabhalwa ngo-770 AD- kwaye yayisetyenziselwa ukungcwatywa kwenqanawa kwiminyaka elishumi kamva. Inqanawa yaseGrønhaug yabhalwa ngo-780 AD - kwaye yangcwatywa kwiminyaka eyi-15 kamva. Olona longezo lwamva nje, inqanawa yaseSalhushaug iseza kuqinisekiswa kwaye ibhalwe umhla, kodwa abembi bezinto zakudala bacinga ukuba nale nqanawa isuka kwiminyaka yoo-700s.
Abembi bezinto zakudala baceba ukwenza ukomba wokuqinisekisa, ukuvavanya iimeko kunye nokuba mhlawumbi ufumane ukuthandana okuqinisekileyo. “Esikubonileyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kukumila kwenqanawa. Xa sivula, sisenokufumanisa ukuba akukho nto ingako yenqanawa egciniweyo kwaye okushiyekileyo kungumbhalo nje,” utsho uReiersen.
Ngexesha elidlulileyo, ixesha elide ngaphambi kokugrunjwa kukaShetelig, induli yeSalhushaug yayinomjikelo onomtsalane omalunga neemitha ezingama-50 kunye nobude obuziimitha ezi-5-6. Nangona uninzi lwayo luye lwancipha ngokuhamba kwexesha, ithafa lentsalela lisekho kwaye lithathwa njengeyona nto inomtsalane kulo mduli. UReiersen ucinga ukuba eli thafa lisenazo izinto zakudala ezingafunyaniswanga.
Ngokutsho kukaReiersen, ubukho bamangcwaba amathathu enqanawa yeeViking eKarmøy bubonisa ukuba yayiyindawo yokuhlala ookumkani bamandulo beeViking. Imingcwabo yase-Oseberg kunye neGokstad, eziziza ezidumileyo zeenqanawa zeViking, zafunyanwa malunga nenkulungwane eyadlulayo kwaye zibhalwe malunga nama-834 kunye nama-900 ngokulandelelanayo.
UReiersen ucacisa ukuba ayikho enye indibano yeenduli zokungcwaba iinqanawa ezodlula ubukhulu beli qela leenkwenkwezi. Le ndawo ikhethekileyo yayiyeyona ndawo iphambili yophuhliso lwenguqu kwiViking Age yokuqala. UReiersen uthi isiko lamangcwaba enqanawa aseScandinavia lasekwa apha, kwaye emva koko lanwenwa kwezinye iindawo zelizwe.
Ookumkani bommandla ababelawula kulo mmandla babelawula ukuhamba kweenqanawa kunxweme olusentshona. Iinqanawa zanyanzeleka ukuba zihambe ngendlela emxinwa yeKarmsund ecaleni kwento eyayisaziwa ngokuba yiNordvegen – indlela eya emantla. Ekwayimvelaphi yegama lelizwe, iNorway.
Ookumkani ababengcwatywe kwiinqanawa ezintathu zeViking zaseKarmøy babenamandla, kwinxalenye yeNorway apho igunya lalinamandla kangangamawaka eminyaka. Ilali yaseAvaldsnes eKarmøy yayilikhaya likaKumkani wamaViking uHarald Fairhair, ekuthiwa wamanyanisa iNorway malunga nonyaka wama-900.
“Induli yeStorhaug kuphela kwengcwaba leViking Age elisuka eNorway apho siye safumana iringi yengalo yegolide. Yayingenguye wonke umntu ongcwatywe apha,” utshilo uReiersen.
