Imbali emfutshane yoMhlaba: Isikali sexesha lejoloji-eons, eras, amaxesha, epochs kunye neminyaka

Umhlaba uqikelelwa ukuba uneminyaka emalunga ne-4.54 yezigidigidi (izigidi ezi-4,540) ubudala, kwaye imbali yawo inokohlulwa ibe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ejoloji ngokusekwe kwiziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokuphela kwabantu abaninzi, ukusekwa kwamazwekazi, kunye notshintsho lwemozulu. Eli candelo laziwa ngokuba sisikali sexesha lokwakheka komhlaba, esibonelela ngesakhelo sokuqonda ixesha elidlulileyo loMhlaba kunye nokuqikelela ikamva lawo.

A. Eonothems okanye eons

Elona candelo likhulu lexesha le-geological scale yi-Eonothem, ekwahlulahlulwe kwakhona ibe zii-eons ezine: 1) IHadean, 2) iArchean, 3) iProterozoic, kunye ne-4) iPhanerozoic. Emva koko i-eon nganye ihlulwe ibe yi-eras (erathem).

1. IHadean Eon

I-Hadean eon, eyaqala ekwakhiweni koMhlaba ukuya kwiminyaka eyi-4.6 yeebhiliyoni eyadlulayo, ithathwa ngokuba "yimihla yobumnyama" ngenxa yokungabikho kobungqina obuninzi bejoloji ukusuka kweli xesha. Kukholelwa ukuba ngexesha le-Hadean eon, uMhlaba wawuphantsi kongquzulwano rhoqo kunye nezinye izidalwa zasezulwini, ezibangela umsebenzi omkhulu wentaba-mlilo kunye nokusekwa kweNyanga.

2. IArchean Eon

I-Archean eon ilandele iHadean kwaye yahlala malunga ne-4 yezigidigidi ukuya kwi-2.5 yezigidigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngeli xesha, uMhlaba wawusebenza ngokwejoloji, kunye nogqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu lwentaba-mlilo, ukuyilwa kwamazwekazi okuqala, kunye nokuvela kweendlela zobomi bamandulo. Awona matye amadala aziwayo, aqala kwiminyaka eyi-3.8 yezigidigidi eyadlulayo, afumaneka kwiNtshona yeGreenland kwaye aveza ubukho bentsholongwane ezilula ezibizwa ngokuba ziistromatolites, ezazibubungqina bokuqala bobomi eMhlabeni.

IArchean Eon yahlulwe yangamaxesha amane:

2.1. I-Eoarchean Era: Ukusuka kwi-4 ukuya kwi-3.6 yezigidigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo

Ngeli xesha, uMhlaba wawusekwinqanaba lokuqala lokusekwa kwaye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo zejoloji nezebhayoloji zazisenzeka. I-Eoarchean ibonakala ngokusekwa kwawona matye amadala aziwayo emhlabeni, kuquka i-Acasta Gneiss eCanada kunye ne-Isua Greenstone Belt eGreenland. La matye anika ulwazi olubalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zakuqala ezabumba uqweqwe lomhlaba. I-Eoarchean iphinde yabona ukuvela kweefom zobomi bokuqala, nangona zibonakala zilula kwaye zincinci kwindalo. Lilonke, i-Eoarchean iphawula ixesha elibalulekileyo kwimbali yoMhlaba njengoko imisela inqanaba lophuhliso lobomi kunye nokwakheka kweempawu zejoloji ezintsonkothileyo.

2.2. I-Paleoarchean Era: Ukusuka kwi-3.6 ukuya kwi-3.2 yezigidigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo.

Ngeli xesha, iindawo zomhlaba zazisekwinqanaba lokuqala lokubunjwa, kwaye i-atmosfera yayingenayo ioksijini. Ubomi eMhlabeni ubukhulu becala benziwe ziibhaktheriya ezilula kunye ne-microorganisms. I-Paleoarchean ibonakala ngokuyilwa kwawona matye amadala kunye neeminerali eMhlabeni, kuquka iBarberton Greenstone Belt eMzantsi Afrika. Eli xesha libonelela ngezimvo ezixabisekileyo kuphuhliso lwangaphambili kunye nendaleko yesijikelezi-langa sethu.

2.3. I-Mesoarchean Era: Ukusuka kwi-3.2 ukuya kwi-2.8 yezigidigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo

Ngeli xesha, uqweqwe loMhlaba lwalusakhula kwaye lusenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo we-tectonic. Amazwekazi okuqala aqala ukuvela, kwaye iindlela zokuphila zamandulo, ezifana neebhaktheriya kunye ne-archaea, zavela elwandle. Ibonakala ngemozulu yayo eshushu nefumileyo, kunye nobukho bentshukumo yentaba-mlilo kunye nokwakheka kwawona matye amadala eMhlabeni.

2.4. I-Neoarchean Era: Ukusuka kwi-2.8 ukuya kwi-2.5 yezigidigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo

Ngeli xesha, amazwekazi aqala ukuzinza, esenza iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba. I-Neoarchean iphinde yabona ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kuquka ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ezininzi. Ukongeza, iatmosfera yaqala ukuqulatha izixa ezibalulekileyo zeoksijini, ivula indlela yophuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo. Lilonke, iNeoarchean iphawula ixesha elibalulekileyo kwimbali yoMhlaba, ibeka inqanaba lophuhliso lwexesha elizayo kwijoloji yeplanethi kunye nebhayoloji.

3. I-Proterozoic Eon

I-eon ye-Proterozoic, eyahlala kwi-2.5 yezigidigidi ukuya kwi-541 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, ibonakaliswe ngokuqhubekayo kokuvela kweefom zobomi, kubandakanywa nokuvela kwezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ezifana ne-algae kunye ne-multicellular organisms zakuqala. Eli xesha liphinde labona ukubunjwa kwe-supercontinents, njenge-Rodinia, kunye nokubonakala kwe-oksijini emoyeni ngenxa yomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo ezivelisa i-photosynthetic.

I-Proterozoic Eon yahlulwe yangamaxesha amathathu:

3.1. I-Paleoproterozoic Era: Ukususela kwi-2.5 ukuya kwi-1.6 yezigidigidi kwiminyaka edlulileyo

Ngeli xesha, uMhlaba uye wafumana utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwejoloji kunye nebhayoloji. I-supercontinent Columbia yaqala ukuqhekeka, ekhokelela ekusekweni kwamazwekazi amatsha kunye neelwandle. I-atmospheric iphinde ibe neenguqu ezinkulu, kunye nokuphuhliswa kwendawo ecebileyo ye-oksijini exhasa iifom zobomi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ingxelo yefosili ukusuka kweli xesha inika ingqiqo ebalulekileyo kwinguquko yokuqala yobomi, kubandakanywa ukuvela kwezinto eziphilayo ze-photosynthetic kunye ne-organisms yokuqala ye-multicellular. Ngokubanzi, iPaleoproterozoic yayilixesha elibalulekileyo kwimbali yoMhlaba, ibeka inqanaba lokwahluka kobomi okulandelayo kula maxesha alandelayo.

3.2. I-Mesoproterozoic Era: Ukususela kwi-1.6 ukuya kwi-1 yezigidigidi kwiminyaka edlulileyo

Eli xesha liphawulwa ngeziganeko ezibalulekileyo zejoloji kunye nebhayoloji, kubandakanywa ukusekwa kwamazwekazi abalulekileyo afana neColumbia, umkhenkce obanzi, kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo zokuqala ze-eukaryotic. Eli xesha lithathwa njengexesha elibalulekileyo kwimbali yoMhlaba njengoko limisela inqanaba lophuhliso lweendlela zobomi ezintsonkothileyo kula maxesha alandelayo.

3.3. I-Neoproterozoic Era: Ukususela kwi-1 yezigidigidi ukuya kwi-538.8 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo

Oku kuyaphawuleka ukuba iHadean, iArchean kunye neProterozoic, ezi zithathu zihlangene zibizwa ngokuba yi-Precambrian Era. Eli lelona xesha lokuqala nelide, lisusela ekubunjweni koMhlaba malunga ne-4.6 yeebhiliyoni zeminyaka eyadlulayo ukuya kuthi ga ekuqaleni kwePaleozoic Era (ngamanye amazwi, kude kube sekuqaleni kwePhanerozoic eon).

4. I-Phanerozoic Eon

I-Phanerozoic Eon yaqala malunga ne-541 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye isaqhubeka nanamhlanje. Yahlulahlulwe yangamaxesha amathathu: iPaleozoic, iMesozoic, kunye neCenozoic.

4.1. Ixesha lePaleozoic

I-Paleozoic Era, eyadlula kwi-541 ukuya kwi-252 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo, iyaziwa ngokuhlukana ngokukhawuleza kweefom zobomi, kubandakanywa nokunyuka kwezilwanyana zaselwandle, ukuveliswa komhlaba ngezityalo, kunye nokubonakala kwezinambuzane kunye nezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo zakuqala. Ikwabandakanya isiganeko esidumileyo sokutshabalala kobunzima bePermian-Triassic, esitshayelele malunga nama-90% azo zonke iintlobo zezilwanyana zaselwandle kunye nama-70% ezilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni.

4.2. Ixesha leMesozoic

Ixesha leMesozoic, elidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "Age of Dinosaurs," lisusela kwi-252 ukuya kwi-66 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Eli xesha libone ukongamela kweedinosaurs emhlabeni, kunye nokuvela kunye nokuvela kwamanye amaqela amaninzi ezinto eziphilayo, kubandakanya izilwanyana ezincancisayo, iintaka kunye nezityalo ezidubulayo. I-Mesozoic ikwabandakanya esinye isiganeko esikhulu sokutshabalala, ukutshabalala kweCretaceous-Paleogene, okwakhokelela ekuphelisweni kweedinosaurs ezingezizo iintaka kunye nokunyuka kwezilwanyana ezincancisayo njengezona zilwanyana zilawulayo emhlabeni.

4.3. Ixesha leCenozoic

I-Cenozoic Era yaqala malunga ne-66 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye iyaqhubeka nanamhlanje. Iphawulwa ngokwahlukana kunye nokulawula kwezilwanyana ezincancisayo, kubandakanywa nokuvela kwezilwanyana ezincancisayo ezinjengeendlovu kunye neminenga. Indaleko yabantu ikwabandakanyiwe kweli xesha, kunye nenkangeleko kunye nophuhliso lweHomo sapiens olwenzeka malunga neminyaka engama-300,000 eyadlulayo.

B. Amaxesha, amaxesha kunye neminyaka

Ukwahlula kwakhona isikali sexesha le-geological, i-Phanerozoic Era nganye iye yahlulahlulwe yangamaxesha (iinkqubo), eziphinde zahlulwe zibe zii-epochs (uthotho), ze emva koko zibe yiminyaka (izigaba).

Amaxesha kwiPaleozoic Era

I-Paleozoic Era, eqala malunga ne-541 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye ihlala kude kube yi-252 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, ihlala ibizwa ngokuba yi "Age of Invertebrates" kwaye iquka la maxesha alandelayo:

• Ixesha leCambrian: Eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Cambrian Explosion," eyabona ukuhlukahluka okukhawulezayo kweefom zobomi, kubandakanywa nokubonakala kokuqala kwezilwanyana ezininzi zezilwanyana.
• Ixesha le-Ordovician: Iphawulwe ngokunyuka kwama-invertebrates olwandle kunye ne-colonization yokuqala yomhlaba ngezityalo.
• Ixesha leSilurian: Ngeli xesha, ubomi baqhubeka buguquka, kunye nokuvela kwentlanzi yokuqala yomhlathi.
• Ixesha le-Devonian: Ihlala ibizwa ngokuba "yiXesha leeNtlanzi," eli xesha lingqina ukuhlukahluka kweentlanzi kunye nokubonakala kweetetrapods zokuqala.
• Ixesha leCarboniferous: Okuqaphelekayo kuphuhliso lwemigxobhozo emikhulu kunye nokuyilwa okulandelayo kweediphozithi zamalahle.
• Ixesha lePermian: Eli xesha liphela i-Paleozoic Era kwaye liphawulwa ngokuvela kwezilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo kunye nokubonakala kokuqala kwezilwanyana ezincelisayo.

Amaxesha eMesozoic Era

Ixesha leMesozoic, elisusela kwi-252 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo ukuya kwi-66 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye yaziwa ngokuba yi "Age of Reptiles," iquka la maxesha alandelayo:

• Ixesha leTriassic: Ubomi buchacha kancinci kancinci ekutshatyalalisweni kobunzima ekupheleni kwePermian, ngokuvela kweedinosaurs zokuqala kunye nezirhubuluzi ezibhabhayo.
• Ixesha leJurassic: Eli xesha lidume ngokulawula kweedinosaur, kuquka ezona zilwanyana zakha zaphila emhlabeni.
• Ixesha leCretaceous: Ixesha lokugqibela kunye nelokugqibela le-Mesozoic Era liphawulwa ngokubonakala kwezityalo zeentyantyambo, ukuhlukana kweedinosaurs, kunye nesiganeko sokuphela kwesiganeko esatshabalalisa iidinosaurs ezingezona iintaka.

Amaxesha kwi-Cenozoic Era

Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, eli lixesha langoku, elisusela kwiminyaka ezizigidi ezingama-66 eyadlulayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, elidla ngokubizwa ngokuba “liXesha Lezilwanyana Ezincancisayo.” Yahlulwe ngokwala maxesha alandelayo:

• Ixesha lePaleogene: Eli xesha libandakanya i-Paleocene, i-Eocene, kunye ne-Oligocene epochs, apho izilwanyana ezincelisayo zahlukana kwaye zavela kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo.
• Ixesha leNeogene: Eli xesha libandakanya iMiocene kunye nePliocene epochs kwaye ibonakaliswe ngokunyuka kwezilwanyana ezincelisayo zanamhlanje kunye nokuvela kwezilwanyana zakudala.
• Ixesha lekota: Ixesha langoku, elibandakanya i-Pleistocene epoch, ebonakaliswe ngamaxesha e-ice kunye nokubonakala kweHomo sapiens, kunye ne-Holocene epoch eqhubekayo, apho impucuko yabantu yaphuhliswa.

Ixesha ngalinye phantsi kwexesha elingaphakathi kwePhanerozoic Eon liphinda lahlulwa libe ziiyunithi zexesha ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba zii-epochs. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Cenozoic Era, ii-epochs ziquka I-Paleocene, Ilungile, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene, yaye IHolocene. Ngoko ke, ixesha le-Quaternary, elikwi-Cenozoic Era (kunye ne-Phanerozoic Eon), lenziwe ngama-epochs amabini: i-Pleistocene kunye neHolocene.

I-Pleistocene kunye ne-Holocene Epochs

I-Pleistocene Epoch kunye neHolocene Epoch ngamaxesha amabini alandelelanayo kwimbali yoMhlaba.

I-Pleistocene Epoch yathatha malunga ne-2.6 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo ukuya malunga ne-11,700 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ibonakala ngokukhenkceka okuphindaphindiweyo, apho imimandla emikhulu yomhlaba yayigqunywe ngumkhenkce nomkhenkce. Oku kukhenkceza kwabangela ukuba amanqanaba olwandle ehle kakhulu kwaye adala utshintsho kwimo yezulu, okukhokelela ekutshabalaleni kweentlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo kunye nokuvela kwezinto ezintsha. I-megafauna ephawulekayo, efana ne-mammoth kunye neekati ezinama-saber-toothed, zazulazula eMhlabeni ngeli xesha. I-Pleistocene Epoch ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-Ice Age, njengoko yayiphawulwe ngobushushu obuphakathi obubandayo behlabathi xa kuthelekiswa nanamhlanje.

I-Holocene Epoch yaqala emva kwexesha lokugqibela lomkhenkce, iphawula utshintsho kwimozulu efudumeleyo, ezinzileyo. Yaqala malunga ne-11,700 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye isaqhubeka nanamhlanje. IHolocene ibonakala ngokuhlehla komkhenkce, ukunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle, kunye nokusekwa kwenkqubo yendalo yale mihla. Eli xesha liquka ukunyuka kwempucuko yabantu, kuquka uphuhliso lwezolimo kunye nokufika kwembali ebhaliweyo.

Ngokubanzi, i-Pleistocene Epoch yayilixesha lokutshintsha okubalulekileyo kokusingqongileyo kunye nokuvela kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo, ngelixa i-Holocene Epoch ibonisa ixesha elizinzileyo kunye nokulawula kweHomo sapiens kunye neenguqu ezibangelwa ngabantu kwindalo.

I-Pleistocene Epoch yahlulwe ngakumbi Gelasian, IsiCalabrian, Chibanian kwaye Tarantian/Late Pleistocene Iminyaka. Ngelixa i-Holocene Epoch yahlulwe yaba IsiGreenlandian, IsiNorthgrippian kwaye Meghalayan (ixesha langoku) Iminyaka.

Kuyafaneleka ukukhankanywa ukuba i-Phanerozoic Eon lelona xesha lifundwayo kakhulu kwimbali yoMhlaba kwisayensi, okwenza iPaleozoic, iMesozoic kunye neCenozoic ibe lelona xesha libalulekileyo kuwo onke.

Amazwi okugqibela

Isikali sexesha lejoloji sihlala sicokiswa kwaye sihlaziywa njengoko ubungqina obutsha bufunyanwa kwaye bufundwa. Inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye nokukwazi ngokuchanekileyo umhla amatye kunye neefosili zibe negalelo ekuqondeni kwethu imbali yomhlaba. Ngokufunda isikali sexesha lokwakheka komhlaba, izazinzulu zinokufumana ulwazi olukhulu ngeenkqubo kunye neziganeko eziye zabumba iplanethi yethu kwaye zenze uqikelelo ngekamva layo.

Qaphela: Ukugcina inqaku lilula, lifutshane kwaye liqondakala asikhange sibhale malunga nenxalenye nganye yesikali sexesha lejoloji. Ukuba ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi malunga namaxesha ejoloji, funda oku Iphepha leWikipedia.