I-Ebers Papyrus yirekhodi lezonyango lase-Egypt yakudala elinikezela unyango olungaphezulu kwama-842 kwizifo nakwingozi. Ijolise entliziyweni, kwinkqubo yokuphefumla, nakwisifo seswekile ngokukodwa.
IPapyrus iphantse ibe ziimitha ezingama-68 ubude kunye neemitha ezingama-21 ububanzi. Ngoku ibekwe kwiThala leencwadi laseLeipzig eJamani. Yahlulahlulwe yaba yimigca engama-12. Yabizwa ngegama elaziwa njenge-Egyptologist uGeorg Ebers kwaye kucingelwa ukuba yadalwa phakathi kwe-30 kunye ne-22 BC ngexesha lolawulo lokumkani wase-Egypt u-Amenopis I.
I-Ebers Papyrus ithathwa njengelinye lawona maxwebhu amadala kunye nolona lubalulekileyo kwezonyango e-Egypt. Inika umbono omibalabala kwiyeza lakudala lase-Egypt kwaye ibonisa ukudityaniswa kwesayensi (eyaziwa ngokuba yindlela eqiqayo) kunye nemilingo-yenkolo (eyaziwa njengeyona ndlela ingenangqondo). Iphononongwe ngokubanzi kwaye yaguqulelwa kwakhona phantse amaxesha amahlanu, kwaye yamkelwe ngokubonelela ngengqondo ebonakalayo kwilizwe lakudala lase-Egypt phakathi kwenkcubeko ye-14th kunye ne-16th BC.
Nangona i-Ebers Papyrus iqulethe ubutyebi bolwazi lwezonyango, buninzi nje ubungqina bobungqina bokuba yafunyanwa njani. Yayisaziwa njenge-Assasif Medical Papyrus yaseThebes ngaphambi kokuba ithengwe nguGeorg Ebers. Kuyathakazelisa nje ukuba ifike njani ezandleni zeGeog Ebers njengoko injalo nokufunda ngonyango kunye nonyango oluthetha ngalo.
Intsomi kunye nembali ye-Ebers Papyrus
Ngokwentsomi, uGeorg Ebers kunye nomxhasi wakhe osisityebi uHerr Gunther bangena kwivenkile yokuqokelela enqabileyo eqhutywa ngumqokeleli ogama linguEdwin Smith eLuxor (Thebes) ngonyaka we-1872.
Ukufika kukaEbers noGunther, babuza malunga nebango likaSmith. Iphepha lonyango elalisongelwe ngelinen e-mummy lanikwa bona nguSmith. Wachaza ukuba kwafunyanwa phakathi kwemilenze yomama kwiSithili saseTheban necropolis 'El-Assasif. Ngaphandle kokuqhubeka, u-Ebers noGunther bathenga ipapyrus yezonyango kwaye ngo-1875, bayipapasha phantsi kwegama elithi Facsimile.
Nangona kungathandabuzeki ukuba i-Ebers yonyango lwepapyrus lwaluyinyani okanye lwalungumgunyathi onzima, inyani kukuba i-Georg Ebers yafumana i-Assasif papyrus kwaye yaqhubeka ikhuphela enye yezona ncwadi zibalaseleyo kwezonyango kwimbali ebhaliweyo.
Ipapyrus yezonyango yaveliswa nguEbers kwimifanekiso emibini yokuveliswa kombala, ogqityiweyo ngokuguqulela isiNgesi ukuya kwisiLatin. Inguqulelo kaJoachim yesiJamani yavela kungekudala emva kokupapashwa kwayo ngo-1890, kwaza kwalandela inguqulelo kaH.
Iinguqulelo ezine zesiNgesi zeEbers Papyrus zagqitywa: eyokuqala nguCarl Von Klein ngo-1905, eyesibini nguCyril P. Byron ngo-1930, eyesithathu nguBendiz Ebbel ngo-1937, kunye neyesine ngugqirha nomphengululi uPaul Ghalioungui. Ikopi kaGhalioungoungui iseyeyona nguqulelo yanamhlanje ipapyrus. Ikwajongwa njengenye yezona mpapasho zixabisekileyo kwiEbers Papyrus.
Ngaphandle kwemizamo eliqela yokutolika ngokuchanekileyo i-Ebers Papyrus, ipapyrus iyaqhubeka nokubaleka nakwezona ngcali zinamava zase-Egypt. Inani elikhulu lokunyanga lifunyenwe kwinto eguqulweyo kule minyaka ingama-200 idlulileyo, inika ukuqonda kwimpucuko yakudala yase-Egypt.
I-Ebers Papyrus: Sifunde ntoni?
Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, ilizwe lezonyango lase-Egypt lahlulwa langamacandelo amabini: “iindlela ezizizo,” ezazinyango ezisekwe kwimigaqo yesayensi yanamhlanje, kunye "neendlela ezingenangqondo," ezazibandakanya iinkolelo zemilingo-zonqulo ezibandakanya amakhubalo, ukuthakatha, kunye nemilingo ebhaliweyo ethetha mandulo. Izithixo zaseYiputa. Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, bekukho unxibelelwano olubalulekileyo ngelo xesha phakathi komlingo, inkolo, kunye nokuba sempilweni njengamava apheleleyo. Kwakungekho nto injengosulelo lwebacteria okanye intsholongwane; Ingqumbo yoothixo kuphela.
Nangona i-Ebers Papyrus ibhalwe ngomhla we-16th BC (1550-1536 BC), ubungqina beelwimi bucebisa ukuba isicatshulwa sathathwa kwimithombo yakudala eyaqala kwi-12th Dynasty yase-Egypt. (Ukususela ngo-1995 ukuya ku-1775 BC). I-Ebers Papyrus yabhalwa ngokulandelelana, inguqulelo efinyeziweyo ye-hieroglyphics. Ineerubrikhi ezingama-877 (izihloko zecandelo) nge-inki ebomvu, zilandelwa ngumbhalo omnyama.
I-Ebers Papyrus yenziwe ngeekholamu ezili-108 ezinenombolo 1-110. Ikholamu nganye inemiqolo engama-20 ukuya kwengama-22 yokubhaliweyo. Umbhalo obhaliweyo uqukunjelwa ngekhalenda ebonisa ukuba wawubhalwe kunyaka wesithoba u-Amenophis, okuthetha ukuba wadalwa ngo-1536 BC.
Inobutyebi bolwazi malunga ne-anatomy kunye ne-physiology, i-toxicology, i-spell, kunye nolawulo lwesifo seswekile. Phakathi konyango olubandakanyiweyo kule ncwadi zezo zokunyanga izifo ezithwalwa zizilwanyana, izinto ezingafunekiyo kwizityalo, kunye neetyhefu zamaminerali.
Uninzi lwe-papyrus lujolise kunyango ngokusebenzisa iipilisi, izinto zokuthambisa kunye nezinye iindlela zonyango. Inamaphepha angama-842 onyango kunye nemigqaliselo enokudityaniswa yenze imixube engama-328 yezifo ezahlukeneyo. Bukho, nangona kunjalo, buncinci ubungqina bokuba le mixube yavavanywa ngaphambi kokumiselwa. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba imixube enjalo iphefumlelwe kukudibana okuthile noothixo.
Ngokobungqina bezinto zakudala, zembali, kunye nezonyango, oogqirha bamandulo base-Egypt babenolwazi kunye namandla okuphatha abaguli babo ngendlela efanelekileyo (unyango olusekwe kumgaqo wesayensi wale mihla). Nangona kunjalo, umnqweno wokudibanisa amasiko e-magico-zonqulo (iindlela ezingenangqondo) inokuba yayiyimfuneko yenkcubeko. Ukuba usetyenziso olusebenzayo aluphumelelanga, oogqirha bamandulo babesoloko bejika kwiindlela zokomoya zokuchaza ukuba kutheni unyango lungasebenzi. Omnye umzekelo unokufumaneka kuguqulelo lokuphefumula okubandayo okuqhelekileyo:
“Phuma uphume, impumlo ye-fetid, phuma uphume, nyana wempumlo ye-fetid! Phuma uphume, wena thambo lomzimba, utshabalalise ukakayi, uzigulise iintloko ezisixhenxe. (Ebers Papyrus, umgca 763)
AmaYiputa amandulo aqwalasele ngokukodwa intliziyo kunye ne-cardiovascular system. Babecinga ukuba intliziyo yayijongene nokulawula kunye nokuhambisa ulwelo lomzimba njengegazi, iinyembezi, umchamo kunye nesidoda. I-Ebers Papyrus inecandelo elibanzi elibhalwe "incwadi yeentliziyo" eneenkcukacha zonikezelo lwegazi kunye nemithambo edibanisa yonke imimandla yomzimba womntu. Ikwakhankanya iingxaki zengqondo ezinje ngokudakumba kunye nesifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo njengemiphumela ebalulekileyo yokuba nentliziyo ebuthathaka.
The ipapyrus Ikwabandakanya izahluko kwi-gastritis, ukufunyanwa kokukhulelwa, izifo zabasetyhini, ukucwangcisa, iiparasites, ubunzima bamehlo, ukuphazamiseka kolusu, unyango lotyando lwezilonda ezinobungozi kunye nokuseta kwethambo.
Kukho umhlathi othile kwingcaciso ye-papyrus yezifo ezithile uninzi lweengcali ezikholelwa ukuba yinkcazo echanekileyo yendlela yokuchonga isifo seswekile. U-Bendix Ebbell, umzekelo, wayeziva ukuba iRubric 197 ye-Ebers Papyrus ifana neempawu zesifo seswekile. Inguqulelo yakhe yombhalo kaEbers ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
“Ukuba uvavanya umntu ogulayo (phakathi) embindini wenyama yakhe (kwaye) ngaba umzimba wakhe unciphile ngenxa yesifo kumda waso; ukuba awumhloli kwaye ufumana isifo (emzimbeni wakhe ngaphandle kobuso beembambo zakhe ezinamalungu afana nepilisi kuya kufuneka uphinde ucengceleze -ukupela isifo kwezi zinto zisendlwini yakho; kuya kufuneka ke ulungiselele izithako zokuyinyanga: ilitye legazi le-Elephantine, umhlaba; ingqolowa ebomvu; icarob; ipheke ngeoyile kunye nobusi; kufuneka ityiwe nguye ngeentsasa ezine ukucinezela unxano kunye nokunyanga ukugula kwakhe. ”(Ebers Papyrus, Irubrikhi engu-197, Ikholam 39, Umgca 7).
Nangona amacandelo athile avela kwiEbers Papyrus afundeka njengemibongo eyimfihlakalo ngamanye amaxesha, ikwabonisa amalinge okuqala okuxilonga afana nalawo afumaneka kwiincwadi zonyango zangoku. I-Ebers Papyrus, njengezinye ezininzi Ipapiri, akufuneki ingahoywa njengemithandazo yethiyori, kodwa ibe sisikhokelo esisebenzayo kumaxesha amandulo ase-Egypt kunye nexesha. Ngexesha lokubandezeleka koluntu kwakuthathwa ngokuba kubangelwa zizithixo, ezi ncwadi zazilunyango lwezifo nokwenzakala.
I-Ebers Papyrus ibonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo kulwazi lwethu lwangoku ngobomi base-Egypt yakudala. Ngaphandle kwe-Ebers Papyrus kunye neminye imibhalo, izazinzulu kunye neembali ziyakube zinezidumbu, ubugcisa kunye namangcwaba asebenze nawo. Ezi zinto zinokunceda kwiinyani, kodwa ngaphandle kwamaxwebhu abhaliweyo kwihlabathi lonyango lwabo, ngekhe kubekhona inkcazo yengcaciso yelizwe lakudala lase-Egypt. Nangona kunjalo, kusekho urhano malunga nephepha.
Ukuthandabuza
Ngenxa yemizamo eliqela yokuguqulela i-Ebers Papyrus okoko yafunyanwa, bekudala kucingelwa ukuba uninzi lwamagama ayo aqondwa gwenxa ngenxa yomkhethe womguquleli ngamnye.
I-Ebers Papyrus, ngokuka-Rosalie David, intloko yeziko le-KNH ye-biological ye-Egyptology kwiYunivesithi yaseManchester, isenokungabinamsebenzi. URosalie uxele kwiphepha lakhe leLancet lika-2008 ukuba wenza uphando Imipapiri yaseYiputa ibingumthombo othintelweyo kwaye kunzima ngenxa yecandelo elincinci lomsebenzi ekucingelwa ukuba lihlala lihleli kuyo yonke iminyaka engama-3,000 XNUMX yempucuko.
UDavid uqhubeka esithi abaguquleli abakhoyo ngoku baye baba nemicimbi ngolwimi olusemaphepheni. Ukwajonga ukuba ukuchongwa kwamagama kunye neenguqulelo ezifumaneka kwisicatshulwa esinye zihlala ziphikisana nemibhalo eguqulweyo efumaneka kwenye imibhalo.
Iinguqulelo, ngokokubona kwakhe, kufuneka zihlale zihlola kwaye zingagqitywa. Ngenxa yemiceli mngeni ekhankanywe nguRosalie David, uninzi lwabaphengululi lujolise ekuhlalutyeni izidumbu zamathambo ezidumbu.
Nangona kunjalo, uphando lwe-anatomical kunye ne-radiological kwizidumbu zase-Egypt zibonise ubungqina obungakumbi bokuba oogqirha bamandulo base-Egypt babenezakhono eziphezulu. Olu viwo lubonise ukwaphuka kunye nokusikwa kwamalungu, kubonisa ukuba oogqirha bamandulo base-Egypt babenobuchule botyando kunye nokushunqulwa. Kufunyenwe ukuba amaYiputa amandulo ayenobuchule bokwenza amakhulu iinzwane zokufakelwa.
Izicubu zomama, ithambo, iinwele, kunye neesampulu zamazinyo zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa i-histology, i-immunocytochemistry, i-enzyme-enxulumene ne-immunosorbent assay, kunye nohlalutyo lwe-DNA. Ezi mvavanyo zancedwa ekuchongeni izigulo ezazikhathaza abantu abomileyo. Izifo ezithile ezichongiweyo kwizidumbu ezibiweyo zanyangwa ngonyango lwamayeza olukhankanywe kwimipapiri yezonyango, ebonisa ukuba amanye, ukuba ayingawo onke, amayeza adweliswe kwimibhalo efana ne-Ebers Papyrus inokuba yaphumelela.
Imipapiri yonyango, enje ngeEbers Papyrus, inika ubungqina ngemvelaphi yoncwadi lwezonyango nolwezenzululwazi lwase-Egypt. Njengokuba uVeronica M. Pagan esitsho kwinqaku lakhe leNeurosurgery yenqaku:
“Le misongo yayisetyenziselwa ukudlulisela ulwazi kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana, ekucingelwa ukuba yayigcinwa ifumaneka ebudeni bemfazwe yaye yayisetyenziswa njengesalathiso kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngaphandle kwale misongo ingaqhelekanga, kunokwenzeka ukuba ngaphezulu kwenqanaba elithile, ulwazi lwezonyango lwalusasazwa ngomlomo ukusuka kwinkosi ukuya kumfundi ”(Pagan, 2011)
Ukuphononongwa ngakumbi kwe-Ebers Papyrus, kunye nezinye ezininzi ezikhoyo, kunceda abafundi ukuba babone unxibelelwano phakathi kokomoya kunye nesayensi kulwazi lwamandulo lwase-Egypt. Inceda umntu ukuba abambe ubuninzi bolwazi lwenzululwazi olwalusaziwa ngaphambili kwaye oluye lwadluliselwa kwizizukulwana. Kuya kuba lula ukungahoyi elidlulileyo kwaye ukholelwe ukuba yonke into entsha yaphuhliswa kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye, kodwa oku akunakuba njalo.
Amazwi okugqibela
URosalie David, kwelinye icala, ubongoza ukuba kwenziwe uphando ngakumbi kwaye uyayithandabuza imisongo kunye namandla abo okuphilisa. Kulula kakhulu ukuba abantu kule mihla bangazinanzi iindlela zonyango zamandulo. Inkqubela phambili esele yenziwe iqhubekile yaya kwinqanaba lokuba i ezona zifo zibulalayo kwaye iimbandezelo zisemngciphekweni wokuphela. Olu phuculo kwelinye icala luyamangaliswa kuphela ngabo bahlala kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ananye. Khawucinge nje ngento umntu anokucinga ngayo ngenkulungwane yama-45 ngezinto azenzayo namhlanje.
Emva kwayo yonke loo nto, kuya kuba yinto enomdla ukujonga ukuba ngaba iinkqubo zangoku zangoku kwilizwe laseNtshona ziya kuthathwa njenge:
“Ingxubevange yonyango lwenkcubeko nolweengcinga olwaqalwa ukunciphisa izifo ezazingqungqa phakathi koothixo bazo nabanqula uthixo ongabonakaliyo obizwa ngokuba 'yinzululwazi.' Akwaba nje aba bantu bebesazi ukuba udakada nesihlomelo zezona zinto zibalulekileyo, ngekungekho neophytes yenkulungwane yama-21. ”
Uvakalelo thina kweli hlabathi langoku esiya kulibona njengezidenge kwaye sidelela, kodwa ezo ookhokho bethu bangazithatha njengembali kunye nokwamkelwa kwezinto zakudala. Mhlawumbi umxholo uyafuneka kwi amaYiputa amandulo ngale ndlela. Oothixo bamandulo kunye neenkqubo zabo zokuphilisa zazinyani emhlabeni wabo.
