Iyaziwa ngobuninzi bayo bezonyango kunye neendlela zokupheka, libali elimangalisayo lebhotani elathi lathi shwaka, lishiya ngasemva umkhondo wobuqhetseba kunye nomdla oqhubeka ukutsala abaphandi namhlanje.
ISilphium, isityalo samandulo esasinendawo ekhethekileyo kwiintliziyo zamaRoma namaGrike, kusenokwenzeka ukuba sisekho, singazi. Esi sityalo singaqondakaliyo, esasikhe sanexabiso lee-emperors kwaye sisisiseko kwiikhitshi zamandulo kunye ne-apothecaries, yayilichiza eliphilisayo. Ukunyamalala kwesi sityalo kwimbali libali elinika umdla lemfuno kunye nokuphela. Ngummangaliso wamandulo webhotani owashiya ngasemva umkhondo wobuqhetseba kunye nomdla oqhubeka ukutsala abaphandi namhlanje.
ISilphium yasentsomini
I-Silphium yayisisityalo esifunwa kakhulu, esazalelwa kwingingqi yaseKirene eMntla Afrika, ngoku iShahhat yanamhlanje, eLibya. Kuxelwe ukuba yayiyeyohlobo lweFerula, oluquka izityalo ezaziwa ngokuba zii "fennels ezinkulu". Esi sityalo sasiphawulwe ngeengcambu zaso ezomeleleyo ezigqunywe ngamaxolo amnyama, isiqu esinomgongxo esifana nefennel, kunye namagqabi afana neseleri.
Iinzame zokulima iSilphium ngaphandle kwengingqi yayo, ngakumbi eGrisi, azizange ziphumelele. Isityalo sasendle sasichuma eKirene kuphela, apho sasinendima ebalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwalapho yaye sasirhweba kakhulu neGrisi neRoma. Ixabiso layo libonakala kwiingqekembe zaseKirene, ezazidla ngokuba nemifanekiso yeSilphium okanye imbewu yayo.
Imfuno yeSilphium yayiphezulu kangangokuba kwathiwa ixabisa ubunzima bayo ngesilivere. Umlawuli waseRoma uAgasto wafuna ukulawula ukusasazwa kwayo ngokufuna ukuba zonke izivuno zeSilphium nencindi yayo zithunyelwe kuye njengembeko kwiRoma.
Silphium: uyolo lokupheka
I-Silphium yayisisithako esithandwayo kwihlabathi lezokupheka zeGrisi yamandulo neRoma. Izikhondo kunye namagqabi ayo ayesetyenziswa njengesinongo, ayedla ngokucolwa phezu kokutya okufana neparmesan okanye axutywe kwiisosi neetyuwa. Amagqabi nawo adityaniswa kwiisaladi ukuze zibe sempilweni, ngelixa izikhondo ezirhabaxa ziyonwatyiswa zigcadiwe, zibiliswe, okanye zigalelwe.
Ngaphezu koko, yonke inxalenye yesityalo, kuquka neengcambu, yadliwa. Iingcambu zazisoloko zonwatyelwa emva kokuba zifakwe kwiviniga. Ukukhankanywa okuphawulekayo kweSilphium kwi-cuisine yamandulo kunokufumaneka kwi-De Re Coquinaria - incwadi yokupheka yaseRoma ye-5 yekhulu leminyaka ngu-Apicius, equka iresiphi ye "oxygarum sauce", intlanzi eyaziwayo kunye neviniga ye-sauce esebenzisa i-Silphium phakathi kwezithako zayo eziphambili.
I-Silphium yayisetyenziselwa ukunyusa incasa ye-pine kernels, eyayisetyenziselwa ukonga izitya ezahlukeneyo. Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, iSilphium ayizange ityiwe ngabantu nje kuphela kodwa yayisetyenziselwa ukutyebisa iinkomo neegusha, kutyholwa ukuba yayisenza inyama ibe mnandi xa ixhelwa.
Silphium: ummangaliso wezonyango
Kwiintsuku zokuqala zonyango lwanamhlanje, iSilphium yafumana indawo yayo njenge-panacea. Umbhali ongumRoma uPliny oMdala weencyclopedic, Naturalis Historia, uhlala ekhankanya iSilphium. Ngapha koko, oogqirha abadumileyo abafana noGalen noHippocrates babhala ngonyango lwabo besebenzisa iSilphium.
ISilphium yamiselwa njengesithako sokunyanga zonke izigulo ezininzi, kubandakanya ukhohlokhohlo, umqala obuhlungu, intloko ebuhlungu, umkhuhlane, ukuxhuzula, i-goiters, iintsumpa, i-hernias, kunye “nokukhula komqala”. Ngaphezu koko, kwakukholelwa ukuba ipilisi yeSilphium yokunyanga amathumba, ukudumba kwentliziyo, amazinyo aqaqambayo, kunye nesifo sephepha.
Kodwa akuphelelanga apho. I<em>Silphium yayisetyenziselwa ukuthintela isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi nomgada ekulunyweni yinja, ukukhulisa iinwele zabo bane<em>alopecia, nokubangela ukuba kubenzima koomama abakhulelweyo.
I-Silphium: i-aphrodisiac kunye ne-contraceptive
Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwayo ekuphekeni nasekwenzeni amayeza, iSilphium yayidume ngeempawu zayo zokuthambisa umzimba kwaye yayigqalwa njengeyona nto isebenzayo yolawulo lokuzalwa ngelo xesha. Imbewu yesityalo efana nentliziyo yayikholelwa ukuba yonyusa i-libido emadodeni kwaye ibangele ukumiswa.
Kwabasetyhini, iSilphium yayisetyenziselwa ukulawula imiba yehomoni kunye nokuphembelela ukuya exesheni. Ukusetyenziswa kwesityalo njengento yokuthintela kunye ne-abortifacient kubhalwe ngokubanzi. Abasetyhini babesebenzisa iSilphium exutywe newayini ukuze “bahambise ukuya exesheni”, inkqubo ebhalwe nguPliny oMdala. Ngaphaya koko, kwakukholelwa ukuba iyakuphelisa ukukhulelwa okukhoyo ngokubangela ukuba ulwelwe lwesibeleko luphalale, luthintele ukukhula komntwana ongekazalwa kwaye lukhokelele ekugxothweni kwayo ngaphandle.
umzimba.
Ubume bentliziyo yembewu ye-silphium inokuba ngumthombo wesimboli yentliziyo yemveli, umfanekiso owaziwayo kwihlabathi lothando namhlanje.
Ukunyamalala kweSilphium
Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kunye nokuthandwa kwayo, iSilphium yanyamalala kwimbali. Ukuphela kweSilphium ngumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo. Ukuvunwa ngokugqithisileyo bekunokuba nendima ebalulekileyo ekulahlekeni kolu didi. Njengoko iSilphium yayinokukhula ngempumelelo kwintlango yaseKirene, umhlaba wawunokuba wawuxhaphake kakhulu ngenxa yeminyaka yokuvunwa kwesityalo.
Ngenxa yokudityaniswa kwemvula kunye nomhlaba oneminerali, kwakukho imida yokuba zingaphi izityalo ezinokulinywa ngexesha elinye eKirene. Kuthiwa amaKirene azama ukulungelelanisa isivuno. Nangona kunjalo, ekugqibeleni esi sityalo savunwa ukuba sitshabalale ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD.
Kuthiwa isikhondo sokugqibela se<em>silphium savunwa saza sanikwa uMlawuli waseRoma uNero ‘njengento engaqhelekanga. Ngokutsho kukaPliny oMdala, uNero wasitya kwangoko eso sipho (ngokucacileyo, wayengazi kakuhle ngokusetyenziswa kwesi sityalo).
Ezinye izinto ezinjengokutyiswa kakhulu kweegusha, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, nokuba yintlango kusenokuba negalelo ekwenzeni imekobume nomhlaba ungafaneleki ukukhula kweSilphium.
Inkumbulo ephilayo?
Ngaphandle kokunyamalala kwayo, ilifa leSilphium linyamezele. Ngokutsho kwabanye abaphandi, kusenokwenzeka ukuba esi sityalo sisakhula endle kuMntla Afrika, nto leyo engaqondwayo lihlabathi lanamhlanje. Kude kube kufunyanwa oko kufunyenwe, iSilphium ihlala iyintsomi - isityalo ebesibambe indawo ehlonelwayo kuluntu lwamandulo, ngoku silahlekelwe lixesha.
Ke, ucinga ukuba amasimi eSilphium asenokuba asaqhakaza, angaziwa, kwenye indawo eMntla Afrika?
