Amaqondo obushushu ashushu kwi-Arctic anyibilikisa i-permafrost yale ngingqi - umaleko onomkhenkce ongaphantsi komhlaba- kunye nokuvuselela iintsholongwane ebezithe cwaka amashumi amawaka eminyaka.
ngelixa ubhubhani obangelwa sisifo esivela kwixesha elidlulileyo ubonakala ngathi usisiseko sefilimu yesayensi, izazinzulu zilumkisa ukuba iingozi, zincinci, zincinci. Ngexesha lokunyibilika, inkunkuma yeekhemikhali kunye ne-radioactive evela kwiMfazwe yoMlomo inokukhutshwa, enokwenzakalisa iintlobo zezilwanyana kunye nokuphazamisa inkqubo yendalo.
"Kuninzi okwenzekayo nge-permafrost exhalabisayo, kwaye iyabonisa ukuba kutheni kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba sigcine umkhenkce omninzi kangangoko sinakho," utshilo uKimberley Miner, isazi ngemozulu kwiNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Iziko leTekhnoloji laseCalifornia ePasadena, eCalifornia.
I-Permafrost ithatha isinye kwisihlanu se-Northern Hemisphere kwaye kudala ixhasa i-Arctic tundra kunye namahlathi e-boreal aseAlaska, eKhanada naseRashiya. Isebenza njengekhepsuli yexesha, igcina iintsalela ezisele zifile zezidalwa ezininzi ezaphelayo ezithe izazinzulu zakwazi ukuzifumana kunye nokuzihlalutya kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kubandakanywa amathole engonyama amabini emqolombeni kunye nomkhombe onoboya.
I-Permafrost yindawo yokugcina efanelekileyo kungekhona nje ngokuba kubanda; ikwayindawo engena-oksijini apho ukukhanya kungangeni khona. Noko ke, amaqondo obushushu akhoyo ngoku eArctic afudumala ngokuphindwe kane ngokukhawuleza kunomhlaba wonke, nto leyo edodobalisa umqwebedu ongaphezulu kulo mmandla.
UJean-Michel Claverie, unjingalwazi we-Emeritus wezonyango kunye ne-genomics kwi-Aix-Marseille University School of Medicine eMarseille, eFransi, uye wavavanya iisampulu zomhlaba ezithatyathwe kwi-permafrost yaseSiberia ukubona ukuba nawaphi na amasuntswana entsholongwane aqulethwe kuyo asayosulela. Ukhangela “iintsholongwane ze-zombie,” njengoko ezibiza njalo, kwaye uzifumene.
Umzingeli wentsholongwane
UClaverie uphonononga uhlobo oluthile lwentsholongwane awayifumanisa okokuqala ngo-2003. Ezaziwa njengeentsholongwane ezinkulu, zinkulu kakhulu kunohlobo oluqhelekileyo kwaye zibonakala phantsi kwe-microscope yokukhanya eqhelekileyo, kune-electronic microscope enamandla ngakumbi - nto leyo ezenza zibe ngumzekelo omhle woku. uhlobo lomsebenzi elebhu.
Iinzame zakhe zokufumanisa iintsholongwane ezinomkhenkce kwi-permafrost ziye zaphenjelelwa liqela lezazinzulu zaseRashiya elathi ngo-2012 lavuselela intyatyambo yasendle kwinyama yembewu eneminyaka engama-30,000 ubudala eyafunyanwa kumgodi kanomatse. (Ukususela ngoko, izazinzulu ziye zaphumelela ukubuyisela izilwanyana zamandulo ebomini kwakhona.)
Ngo-2014, wakwazi ukuvuselela intsholongwane yena kunye neqela lakhe ababehlala bebodwa kwi-permafrost, beyenza ukuba yosulele okokuqala kwiminyaka engama-30,000 ngokuyifaka kwiiseli zenkcubeko. Ngokhuseleko, wakhetha ukufunda ngentsholongwane enokuthi ijolise kuphela kwii-amoeba ezineseli enye, hayi izilwanyana okanye abantu.
Waphinda waphinda ngo-2015, wahlukanisa uhlobo lwentsholongwane olwahlukileyo olujolise kwi-amoebas. Kwaye kuphando lwakhe lwamva nje, olupapashiweyo ngoFebruwari 18 kwijenali yeVirus, uClaverie kunye neqela lakhe bakhetha iintlobo ezininzi zentsholongwane yakudala kwiisampulu ezininzi ze-permafrost ezithathwe kwiindawo ezisixhenxe ezahlukeneyo kulo lonke elaseSiberia kwaye babonisa ukuba bangosulela iiseli ze-amoeba.
Ezi ntlobo zamva nje zimele iintsapho ezintlanu ezintsha zeentsholongwane, ngaphezulu kwezo zimbini wayezivuselele ngaphambili. Oyena mdala wayephantse abe neminyaka engama-48,500 ubudala, ngokusekwe kwi-radiocarbon dating yomhlaba, kwaye wayevela kwisampulu yomhlaba ethathwe kwichibi elingaphantsi komhlaba eliziimitha ezingama-16 (iinyawo ezingama-52) ngaphantsi komhlaba. Ezona sampuli zincinci, ezifunyenwe kwiziqulatho zesisu kunye nedyasi yeentsalela zesilwanyana esikhulu, zazineminyaka engama-27,000 ubudala.
Ukuba iintsholongwane ezosulela i-amoeba zisenosulelo emva kwexesha elide luphawu lwengxaki enokuba nkulu, utshilo uClaverie. Woyika ukuba abantu bathathe uphando lwakhe njengomdla wenzululwazi kwaye abaliboni ithemba leentsholongwane zakudala ezibuyela ebomini njengengozi enkulu yempilo yoluntu.
"Sizijonga ezi ntsholongwane zosulela i-amoeba njenge-surrogates kuzo zonke ezinye iintsholongwane ezinokubakho kwi-permafrost," uClaverie uxelele i-CNN.
“Sibona umkhondo wezinye iintsholongwane ezininzi, ezininzi, ezininzi,” wongeze watsho. “Ngoko siyazi ukuba balapho. Asazi ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba basaphila. Kodwa ingqiqo yethu yeyokuba ukuba iintsholongwane ze-amoeba zisaphila, akukho sizathu sokuba ezinye iintsholongwane zingasayi kuba saphila, kwaye zikwazi ukosulela abamkeli bazo. ”
Isandulela sosulelo lomntu
Iintsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya ezinokosulela abantu ziye zafunyanwa zigcinwe kwi-permafrost.
Isampulu yemiphunga kumzimba wowasetyhini owakhutshwa ngo-1997 kwi-permafrost kwilali eseSeward Peninsula yaseAlaska yayinezixhobo zegenomic ezivela kuhlobo lomkhuhlane obangela ubhubhane we-1918. Ngo-2012, izazinzulu zaqinisekisa ukuba amathambo omfazi oneminyaka engama-300 ubudala owangcwatywa eSiberia aqulethe utyikityo lwemfuzo yentsholongwane ebangela ingqakaqha.
Uqhambuko lwe anthrax eSiberia oluchaphazele abantu abaninzi kunye nangaphezulu kwama-2,000 enyamakazi phakathi kukaJulayi noAgasti ngo-2016 luye lwanxulunyaniswa nokunyibilika okunzulu kwe-permafrost ngexesha lasehlotyeni elitshisa kakhulu, nto leyo evumela ukuba iinkozo ezindala ze-Bacillus anthracis ziphinde zivele kwiindawo zokungcwaba ezindala okanye. izidumbu zezilwanyana.
UBirgitta Evengård, unjingalwazi ophuma kwiYunivesithi yase-Umea kwiSebe leClinical Microbiology eSweden, uthe kufuneka kubekho uphononongo olungcono lomngcipheko obangelwa zizifo ezinokubakho ekunyibilikeni kwe-permafrost, kodwa walumkisa ngokuchasene nendlela yokulumkisa.
“Kufuneka ukhumbule ukuba ukhuselo lwethu lomzimba luphuhliswe ngokusondelelene nezinto ezisingqongileyo,” utshilo u-Evengård, oyinxalenye ye-CLIF Nordic Centre of Excellence, iqela eliphanda ifuthe lokutshintsha kwemozulu kubukho bezifo ezosulelayo ebantwini izilwanyana kwimimandla esemantla.
“Ukuba kukho intsholongwane efihlwe kwi-permafrost esingakhange sidibane nayo kangangamawaka eminyaka, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ukhuselo lwethu lomzimba alwanelanga,” utshilo. “Kuchanekile ukuba nentlonipho yemeko kwaye uthabathe inyathelo hayi nje ukusabela. Kwaye indlela yokulwa noloyiko kukuba nolwazi.”
Ewe kunjalo, kwihlabathi lokwenyani, izazinzulu aziyazi ukuba ezi ntsholongwane zingahlala ixesha elingakanani zinosulelo xa zisesichengeni seemeko zangoku, okanye ukuba kunokwenzeka kangakanani na ukuba intsholongwane idibane nomntu ofanelekileyo. Ayizizo zonke iintsholongwane ezinokubangela izifo; amanye anobubele okanye ade abe yingenelo kwabo bawamkelayo. Kwaye nangona ilikhaya labantu abazizigidi ezi-3.6, iArctic iseyindawo enabantu abambalwa, nto leyo eyenza ukuba umngcipheko wokuvelelwa kwabantu kwiintsholongwane zakudala ube phantsi kakhulu.
Sekunjalo, uClaverie wathi, “umngcipheko uya kwanda kwimeko yokufudumala kwehlabathi, apho ukunyibilika kwe<em>permafrost kuya kuqhubeka kusanda, yaye abantu abaninzi baya kuzalisa iArctic ngenxa yoshishino.”
Kwaye uClaverie ayinguye yedwa olumkisayo ukuba lo mmandla unokuba ngumhlaba ochumileyo wesiganeko se-spillover- xa intsholongwane itsibela kumamkeli omtsha kwaye iqalisa ukusasazeka.
Kunyaka ophelileyo, iqela lezazinzulu lapapasha uphando kwisampulu zomhlaba kunye nentlenga yechibi ethathwe kwiLake Hazen, ichibi elinamanzi acwengileyo eCanada eliphakathi kweArctic Circle. Balandelelanisa imathiriyeli yemfuzo kwintlenga ukuchonga iisignesha zentsholongwane kunye ne-genomes yezidalwa ezinokubakho - izityalo kunye nezilwanyana - kwindawo.
Besebenzisa uhlalutyo lwemodeli yekhompyuter, bacebise ukuba umngcipheko wokuchitheka kweentsholongwane kwimikhosi emitsha uphezulu kwiindawo ezikufutshane nalapho amanzi omkhenkce omkhenkce angena echibini-imeko eyenzeka ngakumbi njengoko imozulu ishushu.
Iziphumo ezingaziwayo
Ukuchonga iintsholongwane kunye nezinye iingozi eziqulethwe kwi-permafrost yokufudumala yinyathelo lokuqala lokuqonda ukuba yeyiphi ingozi ebeka kuyo i-Arctic, uMvukuzi kwi-Jet Propulsion Laboratory ye-NASA yathi. Eminye imiceli mngeni ibandakanya ukulinganisa ukuba phi, nini, ngokukhawuleza kangakanani, kwaye inzulu kangakanani i-permafrost iya kunyibilika.
Ukunyibilika kusenokuba yinkqubo kancinane kancinane kangangeesentimitha kwishumi leminyaka kodwa kwakhona kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, njengakwimeko yokudilika komhlaba okukhulu okunokuthi ngequbuliso kuveze amaleko anzulu kunye namandulo eqabaka. Le nkqubo ikwakhuphela i-methane kunye nekharbon dayoksayidi kwi-atmosfera – into leyo engahoywayo necingelwayo yokutshintsha kwemozulu.
U-Miner udwelise uluhlu lweengozi ezinokubakho ngoku ezikhenkcezisiweyo kwi-Arctic permafrost kwiphepha lika-2021 elipapashwe kwijenali yenzululwazi yoTshintsho lweMozulu.
Ezo ngozi zinokubakho ziquka inkunkuma engcwatyiweyo evela kumbiwa wesinyithi esinzima kunye neekhemikhali ezifana nesibulali-zinambuzane i-DDT, neyaye yavalwa ekuqaleni koo-2000. Imathiriyeli ye-radioactive nayo yalahlwa kwi-Arctic - yiRashiya kunye ne-United States - ukususela ekufikeni kovavanyo lwenyukliya ngo-1950s.
"Ukunyibilika ngokukhawuleza kuveza ngokukhawuleza i-permafrost horizons endala, ukukhulula iikhompawundi kunye ne-microorganisms ezibekwe kwiingqimba ezinzulu," uMiner kunye nabanye abaphandi baphawula kwiphepha lika-2021.
Kwiphepha lophando, uMiner ubhale usulelo oluthe ngqo lwabantu abaneentsholongwane zamandulo ezikhutshwe kwi-permafrost “njengento engenakwenzeka ngoku.”
Nangona kunjalo, uMiner uthe unexhala malunga nento awayibiza ngokuba yi "Methuselah microorganisms" (ethiywe ngomfanekiso weBhayibhile onexesha elide lobomi). Ezi zizinto eziphilayo ezinokuzisa ukuguquguquka kwezinto zakudala kunye ne-ecosystem yakudala kwi-Arctic yanamhlanje, kunye nemiphumo engaziwayo.
Ukuvela kwakhona kwee-microorganisms zakudala kunamandla okutshintsha ukubunjwa komhlaba kunye nokukhula kwezityalo, mhlawumbi ukuqhubela phambili ukukhawuleza kwemiphumo yokutshintsha kwemozulu, u-Miner uthe.
“Asikacaci ngenene ukuba ezi ntsholongwane ziza kudibana njani nemeko yale mihla,” utshilo. “Ayingovavanyo ngenene endicinga ukuba nabani na kuthi ufuna ukulubaleka.
Elona nyathelo lilungileyo, utshilo uMineri, kukuzama ukumisa ukunyibilika, kunye nengxaki yemozulu ebanzi, kwaye ugcine ezi ngozi zifakwe kwi-permafrost ngokulungileyo.
