Njengoko sikhawuleza kwiinkqubo zethu zemihla ngemihla, sihlala sijonge ezona teknoloji zamva nje nezibalaseleyo kubuchule nakwizinto ezintsha, kulula ukulibala izinto ezimangalisayo zookhokho bethu. Kwiminyaka eyiwaka eyadlulayo, kwakudala ngaphambi kokufika kwentsimbi, ookhokho bethu bamandulo benza ezinye zezona zixhobo zibukhali kwaye zichanekile ngokusebenzisa izinto ezinomdla - i-obsidian. Le nto i-jet-black yayixatyiswa luluntu lwamandulo ngenxa yokuba bukhali nokuqina kwayo.
I-Obsidian yayixabiseke kakhulu kangangokuba yayithengiswa phakathi kwemibutho ekude, kwaye iimfazwe zaliwa ngenxa yayo. Kodwa, ngokungafaniyo nezinye izinto zakudala zakudala, i-obsidian ayiphulukananga nokubaluleka kwayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kuyathakazelisa ukucinga ukuba eli litye lakudala lisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje, kwaye ibali lalo liyaqhubeka libaliswa.
Imbali yezixhobo ze-obsidian
Ukusetyenziswa kwakuqala okurekhodiweyo kwe-obsidian kunokulandwa emva eKariandusi, eKenya, nakwezinye iindawo zexesha le-Acheulian, elisusela kwi-700,000 BC. Nangona kunjalo, kuphela izinto ezimbalwa ezisuka kweli xesha ziye zavela malunga nexesha le-Neolithic.
Ukuveliswa kwee-obsidian bladelets e-Lipari kufikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokuchaneka kwe-Neolithic kade kwaye kwathengiswa ngaphaya kweSicily, intlambo yomlambo yasePo, kunye neCroatia. Iibladethi ze-Obsidian zazisetyenziswa ngexesha lokwaluka kunye nokusikwa kweentyantyambo ezisanda kuzalwa. Iirekhodi zibonisa ukuba imithombo ye-Anatolian ye-obsidian yasetyenziswa kwi-Levant kunye ne-Iraqi yanamhlanje Kurdistan eqala malunga ne-12,500 BC. Ii-relics ze-Obsidian zixhaphakile e-Tell Brak, enye yeendawo zokuqala zasedolophini eMesopotamia, ukusukela emva ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesihlanu BC.
emva Ubudala bamatye, xa ihlabathi laqala ukutshintsha ngokusetyenziswa kobhedu, ubhedu, kunye nentsimbi yezixhobo kunye noluntu oluhambele phambili, ama-Aztec akazange amkele izixhobo zesinyithi. Kwakungekho mfuneko, njengoko babene-obsidian ezandleni zabo.
AmaIndiya aseMaya akholelwa ekusebenziseni iiblade ze-obsidian ezinobunkunkqele bokuqala kwiminyaka engama-2,500 eyadlulayo. Ekubeni i-obsidian iya kwaphuka ukuya kutsho kwiathom enye, kuthiwa inomphetho wokusika ophindwe kahlanu kunowona ntsimbi ubukhali kakhulu, kwaye phantsi kwe-microscope yokukhulisa ukuphakama iblade ye-obsidian isabonakala igudile, ngelixa intsimbi yentsimbi inesarha efana nomphetho. .
Ngaba ama-Aztec adala okanye abumba njani izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezenziwe nge-obsidian?
Akuzange kufuneke ukuba ama-Aztec enze i-obsidian; inokuthengwa lula. I-Obsidian luhlobo lweglasi ekhoyo ngokwemvelo ephumayo xa i-lava, ikhutshwe kwi-volcanic volcanic, iqina ngokukhawuleza, okubangelwa ubuncinci bokungabikho kwekristal.
Uhlobo oluthile lwe-lava ejongene nokwakhiwa kwe-obsidian lubizwa ngokuba yi-felsic lava. Olu hlobo lwelava luphawulwa ngobuninzi bezinto ezikhaphukhaphu ezifana neoksijini, ipotassium, isodiyam, isilicon, kunye nealuminium. Ubukho be-silica ngaphakathi kwe-lava kubangela i-viscosity ephezulu, ethi ithintele ukusasazwa kwee-athomu ngaphakathi kwe-lava.
Esi siganeko sokusasazeka kweathom siseta kwinqanaba lokuqala lokubunjwa kwekristale yeminerali, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yinucleation. Njengoko udaka luphola ngesantya esikhawulezayo, luguquka lube yi-obsidian, iglasi entle kunye nendalo yentaba-mlilo. Le nkqubo isiphumo sexesha lokupholisa ngokukhawuleza, elidala ukuthungwa kweglasi ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sekristale. Esi sehlo sendalo sisiphumo esikholisa ubuhle somsebenzi wejoloji wogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo.
I-Obsidian inomgangatho onqabileyo wokufana neminerali kodwa ingeyiyo yonke ngokwenyani, njengoko isenza iglasi kwaye ingeyiyo into eyikristale. Olu phawu lwahlukileyo luyenza yahluke kwezinye izimbiwa, igqame njengophawu lwayo oluchazayo. Imbonakalo ekhazimlisiweyo, ekhazimlayo ye-obsidian esulungekileyo sisiphumo sokwakheka kweglasi, ebonisa ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo njengoko umphezulu wayo ukhazimla yimincili.
Nangona kunjalo, umbala we-obsidian uyahluka njengoko ukhona ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, uzibonakalisa ngokwahlukileyo kwiimibala, imibala, kunye nokwakheka okuxhomekeke kubukho bobumdaka obufana nentsimbi okanye i-magnesium ngaphakathi kwelava. Oku kunokuvelisa izithunzi eziluhlaza bumnyama, ezimdaka, okanye ezimnyama, ezinokubonakala zinamachokoza okanye zinemigca, kongezelela ubuchule bobugcisa kwinkangeleko yeminerali.
Kwizixhobo, i-obsidian ecocekileyo ibonisa umphandle wayo omnyama nocwebezelayo, osikhumbuza ezinzulwini zobusuku kunye nobuhle obumangalisayo. Oku kwandisa ngakumbi umtsalane weminerali kwaye iyenze ilitye elinqabileyo elinomdla elifunwa ngabaninzi.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-obsidian ukusuka kwixesha langaphambili ukuya kwixesha langoku
Ngexesha le-Neolithic, ukunyathela - okanye ukugrumba umngxuma kukhakhayi - kwakucingelwa ukuba liyeza layo yonke into ukusuka kwisifo sokuxhuzula ukuya kwimigraines. Isenokuba luhlobo lotyando olungxamisekileyo lwamanxeba edabi. Kodwa xa kukho nangoku ukucinga malunga nezizathu zokwenyani ezingemva kwenkqubo engaqondakaliyo, into eyaziwayo kukuba isixhobo esihlala sisetyenziselwa ukwenza utyando lwakudala senziwe ngenye yezona zinto zibukhali ezifunyenwe kwindalo: i-obsidian.
I-Obsidian inokuvelisa imiphetho yokusika amaxesha amaninzi ngakumbi kunezona scalpels zentsimbi. Kwii-angstroms ezingama-30 - iyunithi yokulinganisa elingana nekhulu lezigidi zeesentimitha - i-obsidian scalpel inokukhuphisana nedayimane ekulungeni komphetho wayo.
Xa ucinga ukuba iincakuba ezininzi zekhaya zingama-300 ukuya kuma-600 ama-angstroms, i-obsidian isenokuyisika ngezona zinto zibukhali i-nanotechnology inokuvelisa. Nanamhlanje, inani elincinci loogqirha basebenzisa obu buchwepheshe bakudala (nangona i-US FDA ingekakuvumeli ukusetyenziswa kweeblades ze-obsidian kuqhaqho ebantwini ngenxa yendalo yabo ebuthathaka kunye nomngcipheko ophezulu wokwaphuka xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi yentsimbi yesikliyeli) ukwenza imiphetho emihle abathi baphilise ngayo. amanxeba amancinci.
Ngamanye amagama, iimela ze-obsidian zibukhali kangangokuba zisike kwinqanaba leselula. Ngenxa yoku, xa isetyenziswe kwicandelo lezonyango, izithintelo ezenziwe ngencakuba ziphilisa ngokukhawuleza kwaye zingabi nazinxenxe. Kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, bahlala bebukhali nasemva kokungcwatywa emhlabeni amawaka eminyaka. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo okumangalisayo kusikhumbuza ukuba ezona ndlela zindala zobugcisa zisenendawo kwihlabathi lethu lanamhlanje.
Inokuthi njani i-obsidian ibe mpuluswa kwaye ibe bukhali kunentsimbi ephuculweyo?
Intsimbi iphantse isoloko yenziwe ngeekristale ezininzi ezahlukeneyo (iinkozo ezincinci), endaweni yenye enkulu. Xa intsimbi iqhekezwa, idla ngokuqhekeka ngokudibeneyo phakathi kweekristale ezahlukeneyo. I-Obsidian iqulethe phantse iikristale ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba zichaphazele iipropathi zokuqhekeka kwezinto kwaye kungenxa yesi sizathu iphuka kakuhle kwaye ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yokuba i-obsidian ayinayo i-crystals, ayiphuli imigca yobuthathaka kwizinto eziphathekayo, iqhekeza nje imigca yoxinzelelo olubangele ukuphuka.
Kungenxa yoko le nto i-obsidian kunye nezinto ezifanayo zibonisa ukwaphuka kwe-conchoidal. Xa ujonga imilo ye-obsidian eyaphukileyo, ujonge ubume bomothuko othe wayiqhekeza. Xa ujonga imilo yentsimbi eyaphukileyo, ujonge ngokuyinxenye kwimilo ye-shockwave eyaphuka kuyo, kodwa ubukhulu becala kwimigca yobuthathaka phakathi kokungafezeki kwentsimbi kunye nokudibanisa phakathi kweekristale zayo.
Ukuba kuyenzeka ukuba ulole intsimbi ngobunono ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingabangeli izaphulelo, amandla amancinane anokwanela ukunkqonkqoza iikristale ezingaxhaswanga endaweni. Ukuba ulola intsimbi ukuze umphetho wayo ube mncinane kunobukhulu bekristale, ngoko akukho nto ingako ibambe iikristale zomphetho njengoko zingasatshixwanga. Ngoko ke, akunakwenzeka ukuba kwenzeke.
isiphelo
Njengoko sijonga ukomelela okumangalisayo kunye nokubukhali kwe-obsidian, sishiywe sizibuza ngelifa elihlala lihleli lookhokho bethu bamandulo. Ukususela kumaNdiya aseMeya ukuya kwi-Stone Age abazingeli bemikhonto, ubukrelekrele obumangalisayo kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha zookhokho bethu bubonakala ekusetyenzisweni kweso sixhobo sihlabayo nesisebenzayo.
Namhlanje, siyaqhubeka sithembela kwi-obsidian njengesixhobo esixabisekileyo, simangaliswa kukwazi kwayo ukugcina umphetho wokusika uphakame kakhulu nakwezona ntsimbi ziphambili. Njengoko sihlonipha ubukrelekrele babo beza ngaphambi kwethu, sikwakhunjuzwa ngokubaluleka kokujonga kwixesha elidlulileyo ukuze sifumane isikhokelo, impembelelo, kunye nezixhobo esizidingayo ukubumba ikamva elingcono.
