Khawube nomfanekiso wakho ufumanisa itonela eyimfihlo efihlwe ngaphantsi kwezona ndawo zakudala nezingaqondakaliyo zakudala emhlabeni. Ewe, yiloo nto kanye eyenzekayo kwisixeko saseMexico iTeotihuacán. Ukufunyanwa kweetonela ezifihlakeleyo kwazisa imincili emitsha kunye nomdla kwindawo esele inomtsalane.
I-Teotihuacán ithathwa njengenye yezona zixeko zibalulekileyo zangaphambi kwe-Columbian Mesoamerican, ezisukela emva kwe400 BCE. Ngeephiramidi zayo ezinde, imizobo entsonkothileyo eseludongeni, kunye nezinto zobugcisa ezikhethekileyo, iTeotihuacán kudala ibamba ingcamango yababhali-mbali kunye nabakhenkethi ngokufanayo. Kwaye emva koko, ngokufunyanwa kweetonela ezifihlakeleyo, i-mystique yesayithi iye yanda kuphela. Zeziphi iimfihlo ezinokuthi zigcinwe ngala matonela? Zakhiwa ngubani, yaye kwakutheni ukuze zifihlwe ixesha elide kangaka? Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga ukufunyanwa okunomdla kweetonela eziyimfihlo eTeotihuacán kunye neemfihlakalo ezilele ngaphakathi.
Isixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán
Isixeko samandulo saseTeotihuacán, esibizwa ngokuba “yindawo yezithixo” ngolwimi lwamandulo lwesiNahuatl, sasikade sisisiseko sobukhosi. Malunga nama-200,000 abantu ekucingelwa ukuba babehlala apho phakathi kwe-100 kunye ne-700 AD, de abahlali bayo bawuphakamisa ngendlela engaqondakaliyo. Isixeko sasihlala sinjalo, kodwa kuninzi okungaziwayo ngabantu baso, indlela ubomi obaqhuba ngayo apho kwaye ngubani owayesesihlalweni solawulo. Enye into engaziwayo kukuba igunya lalidluliselwa ngomnombo okanye umlawuli wayesisigqeba.
Ngenxa yokufuma okushinyeneyo nodaka kulo mmandla, kuye kwazanywa ukugrumba okumbalwa kwesi siza. Abantu baseSpeyin bakwenza oko ngenkulungwane ye-17, kodwa akuzange kubekho nkqubela yokwenene de kwayinkulungwane yama-20.
Iitonela ezifihlakeleyo ezingaphantsi komhlaba zifunyenwe eTeotihuacán
Abaphandi bafumene iinkqubo ezintathu ezinkulu zetonela eTeotihuacán, enye ingaphantsi kwePiramidi yeLanga, enye ingaphantsi kwePiramidi yeNyanga, enye ingaphantsi kwePyramid yeNyoka eneNtsiba (iTempile yaseQuetzacoátl); eyokugqibela inika umdla ngokwenene:
Iitonela phantsi kwePiramidi yeLanga
Kwi-1959, i-archaeologist uRene Millon kunye neqela lakhe labaphandi babengabanye bamaqela okuqala abembi bezinto zakudala ukufunda inkqubo yetonela phantsi kwePiramidi yeLanga - eyona piramidi inkulu eMesoamerica. Ngelixa amanye ala matonela ayenziwa emva kokuwa kweTeotihuacan kunye nama-Aztec, ekugqibeleni adityaniswa namatonela kunye nemiqolomba eyenziwe ngexesha lale mpucuko.
Uphando olukhokelwa nguMillon luveze ukuba uninzi lweetonela eziphambili zivaliwe, kwaye nokuba oku bekunenjongo okanye hayi kukutolikwa. Iitonela ezingaphantsi kwephiramidi zazibhikica iingceba zodongwe, iziko, nezinye izinto ezenziwe ngobuchule ezivela kwezinye iindawo ezazibonisa ubungqina kwenye indawo eTeotihuacán.
UMillon kunye neqela lakhe ekugqibeleni baqukumbela kuphando lwabo kunye nemizamo yokwemba ukuba iphiramidi yakhiwa ngokuqhubekayo ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo ngabantu baseTeotihuacán, okanye ukuba yonke ipiramidi yakhiwa ngexesha elinye kunye nesiseko sayo kunye nenkqubo yomqolomba. ngokwahlukileyo kwixesha langaphambili. Ukwahlulwa kwamaxesha kungenxa yeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezinempembelelo ecacileyo kwizinto zakudala ezifumaneka kwiitonela ezingaphantsi kwephiramidi.
Ngomnyaka we-1971, umembi wezinto zakudala u-Ernesto Taboada wafumana indawo yokungena kumngxuma oziimitha ezisixhenxe ubunzulu kumazantsi enqanaba eliphezulu lePyramid of the Sun. Imiqolomba kunye neenkqubo zetonela phantsi kwephiramidi zaphandwa ngabavubukuli abahlukahlukeneyo abaye bagqiba ekubeni le miqolomba yayingcwele kulabo baseTeotihuacan ngendlela efanayo nemiqolomba yayibaluleke kakhulu kwinkcubeko yaseMesoamerica.
Imithombo eyahlukeneyo ikhomba kwiithiyori ezahlukeneyo zokutolikwa kwesizathu sokuba iPiramidi yeLanga yakhiwe kwaye zeziphi iinkqubo zomqolomba eziphantsi kwayo zithetha ngokwenene ngokutsho kwabantu baseTeotihuacán kunye nenkcubeko. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba eli tonela lalisetyenziselwa imibhiyozo yonqulo, ngoxa abanye bekholelwa ukuba yayiyindlela yokusaba yabalawuli besi sixeko.
Igumbi elifihlakeleyo kunye netonela phantsi kwePiramidi yeNyanga
Abembi bezinto zakudala abavela kwiZiko leSizwe le-Anthropology kunye neMbali yaseMexico (INAH) kunye neYunivesithi yeSizwe ye-Autonomous yaseMexico yahlola indawo yePlaza yeNyanga kunye nePiramidi yeNyanga - iphiramidi yesibini ngobukhulu eMesoamerica - ngoJuni 2017.
Baye baqinisekisa ngoku ukuba kukho igumbi eliziimitha ezisibhozo (26 ft.) ngaphantsi kwePiramidi yeNyanga. Inobubanzi beemitha ezili-15 (49 ft.), iqhagamshela kwitonela ekhokelela emazantsi ePlaza yeNyanga, kwaye inokuba nomnyango wasentshona kwigumbi ngokunjalo. Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zibonisa ukuba abantu baseTeotihuacan balandele ipateni efanayo kwizikhumbuzo zabo ezinkulu.
Itonela phantsi kwePiramidi Yenyoka Enentsiba (ITempile yaseQuetzacoátl)
Umvubukuli wezinto zakudala uSergio Gomez, owayesebenza ekulondolozweni kweTempile yaseQuetzalcoatl - iphiramidi yesithathu ngobukhulu eMesoamerica - ngo-2003, wadibana netonela noJulie Gazzola emva kwemvula enkulu, eneentsuku ezininzi. Umsele omalunga neemitha ezintathu ububanzi wavuleka emazantsi etempile yeNyoka Eneentsiba yaye xa kuphandwa ngetotshi nentambo kwafunyaniswa ukuba ngumngxuma owenziwe ngumntu. Emazantsi eshafti kwakukho itonela evalwe macala omabini ngamatye amakhulu.
Imifanekiso yokuqala yokugrumba yathathwa yirobhothi encinci elawulwa kude, nangona oko yakufumana kunye nezinto zokwenyani ezifunyenweyo kunomdla kakhulu!
Zingaphezu kwama-75,000 1.5 izinto ezenziweyo eziye zafunyanwa ngoxa kuhlolwa eli tonela likhokelela kumagumbi afihlakeleyo angaphantsi komhlaba, kuquka izinto ezifana nesigqubuthelo somthi esihonjiswe ngejeyidi nequartz, amazinyo engwenya eluhlaza, ibhokisi enamaphiko kaqongqothwane namakhulukhulu ezingqukuva ezenziwe ngesinyithi. Ezi bhola ezingaqondakaliyo zahluka ngobukhulu ukusuka malunga ne-5 "ukuya kwi-XNUMX" kwaye zenziwe ngesiseko sodongwe kwaye zigqunywe ngejarosite ephuzi eyakhiwe kwi-oxidization ye-pyrite. Ezi ngqukuva ngezazibengezela njengegolide xa zazidalwa. Ukusetyenziswa kunye nentsingiselo yezi bhola ezincinci zegolide azikaziwa ngokupheleleyo.
Ekupheleni kwetonela, kwafunyanwa igumbi elimele umhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba. Eli gumbi linzulu ngaphantsi kweziko lephiramidi liqulathe imbonakalo-mhlaba encinci enamachibi emekyuri elulwelo emele amachibi. Iindonga kunye nesilingi zazihonjiswe ngomgubo weminerali eyahlukeneyo (i-hematite, i-pyrite, kunye ne-magnetite) ukudala umphumo omangalisayo wokuma phantsi kweenkwenkwezi ebusuku.
Itempile yaseQuetzalcoatl yindawo yokwenyani yabakhenkethi kwaye inengxaki yokuwohloka okukhawulezileyo kokuhamba rhoqo. Iinzame zolondolozo ziyaqhubeka zisenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwayo. Itonela elingaphantsi kwalo lisagrunjwa nto leyo ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yiloo nto abakhenkethi bengakavunyelwa. Uninzi lwezinto ezifunyenweyo zenziwe zafumaneka kwi-2017 kumboniso omkhulu kwiMyuziyam yaseDe Young eSan Fransisco, eCalifornia.
Amazwi okugqibela
Ubukho bamatonela afihlakeleyo entliziyweni yesixeko sakudala saseTeotihuacán kudala kuyimfihlakalo. Akukho mntu wazi kakuhle ukuba la matonela akhiwa njani, kwanokuba akhiwa njani okanye asetyenziselwa ntoni. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba la matonela ayesetyenziswa ngabefundisi ukuze bahambe ngokufihlakeleyo phakathi kweetempile ezinkulu, kodwa akukabikho bungqina bufunyenweyo obuxhasa elo bango.
Abavubukuli ngoku babanga ukuba iitonela zombini ziyimibhiyozo kunye nendawo yesithethe. Nangona kungekho bungqina bokuba ababingeleli baseTeotihuacan basebenzise ngenjongo efanayo nababingeleli baseChichen Itza eMexico, isimboli siyafana. Amatonela nawo kucingelwa ukuba ngamangcwaba abantu bakudala. Ngokomzekelo, abembi bezinto zakudala bafumana ukhakhayi, amathambo nezixhobo kwitonela ekusenokwenzeka ukuba lalisetyenziswa ngabefundisi baseTeotihuacan.
Ngamanye amazwi, uphando oluninzi lwe-archaeological lusafuneka kule ndawo yakudala ukuze kufunyanwe ulwazi olunomdla malunga nala matonela angaqondakaliyo kunye nenjongo yawo yokwenyani.
