Njengomthandi wembali kunye neentsomi, enye yamabali anomdla kakhulu ahlala ebamba umbono wam yintsomi kaKumkani u-Arthur kunye nekrele lakhe u-Excalibur. Amabali ka-Arthur namaqhawe akhe eRound Table, imibuzo yabo, amadabi, kunye nezinto ezenzekayo ziye zaphefumlela intaphane yeencwadi, iimuvi kunye neenkqubo zikamabonwakude. Kodwa phakathi kwazo zonke izinto ezimangalisayo zentsomi ye-Arthurian, umbuzo omnye uhlala: ngaba ikrele likaKumkani u-Arthur i-Excalibur yayikhona ngokwenene? Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga imbali kunye neentsomi ngasemva kwe-Excalibur kwaye sizame ukufumanisa inyani ngasemva kwale mfihlakalo ingapheliyo.
Intshayelelo kuKumkani Arthur kunye Excalibur
Ngaphambi kokuba singene kwimfihlakalo ye-Excalibur, masiqale sibeke iqonga ngokuzisa uKumkani uArthur kunye nekrele lakhe eliyintsomi. Ngokutsho kwembali yamaxesha aphakathi eWales namaNgesi, uKumkani uArthur wayengukumkani wasentsomini owalawula iBritani ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesi-5 nasekuqaleni kweyesi-6. Kuthiwa wadibanisa amaBritane ngokuchasene namaSaxon ahlaselayo, eseka ixesha legolide loxolo kunye nokuchuma elizweni. Amaqhawe ka-Arthur eRound Table ayedume ngokukhalipha kwawo, ubugorha, kunye nembeko, kwaye aqalisa ukufuna iGrail eNgcwele, ukuhlangula amantombazana asembandezelweni, nokoyisa iintshaba ezimbi.
Enye yeempawu ezidumileyo nezinamandla zentsomi ye-Arthurian yi-Excalibur, ikrele elakhutshwa nguArthur etyeni ukuze angqine ibango lakhe elifanelekileyo etroneni. I-Excalibur kwathiwa yenziwe yi-Lady of the Lake, umntu ongaqondakaliyo owayehlala kwindawo enamanzi kwaye wayenamandla omlingo. Ikrele lalizaliswe ziimpawu zamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo, ezinjengokukwazi ukunqumla nayiphi na into, ukuphilisa naliphi na inxeba, lize linike lowo lingenakoyiswa edabini. I-Excalibur yayisoloko iboniswa njengencakuba ekhanyayo enehithi yegolide kunye nemizobo entsonkothileyo.
Ibali le-Excalibur
Ibali le-Excalibur liye laxelelwa kwaye lachazwa kwakhona kwiinguqulelo ezingenakubalwa kwiinkulungwane, nganye ineenguqu zayo kunye nokuhombisa. Kwezinye iinguqulelo, i-Excalibur ikrele elifanayo elafunyanwa ngu-Arthur kwi-Lady of the Lake, ngelixa kwezinye ikrele elahlukileyo u-Arthur elifumana kamva ebomini bakhe. Kwezinye iinguqulelo, i-Excalibur ilahlekile okanye ibiwe, kwaye u-Arthur kufuneka aqalise ukufuna ukuyibuyisela. Kwabanye, i-Excalibur sisitshixo sokoyisa iintshaba zika-Arthur, njengegqwirha elibi uMorgan le Fay okanye inkosi enkulu uRion.
Intsomi ye-Excalibur ikhuthaze ababhali abaninzi, iimbongi kunye namagcisa kule minyaka idlulileyo. Enye yeenguqulelo ezidumileyo zebali nguThomas Malory "Le Morte d'Arthur" umsebenzi wenkulungwane ye-15 owahlanganisa amabali ahlukeneyo ka-Arthurian kwingxelo ebanzi. Kwinguqulelo kaMalory, i-Excalibur likrele elifunyanwa ngu-Arthur kwiNenekazi laseLake, kwaye kamva laphulwa kumlo ochasene noMhlekazi Pellinore. U-Arthur ufumana ikrele elitsha, elibizwa ngokuba yi-Sword in Stone, evela kwi-Merlin, ayisebenzisayo ukoyisa iintshaba zakhe.
Ubungqina bembali ngoKumkani uArthur
Ngaphandle kokuthandwa okungapheliyo kwentsomi ye-Arthurian, kukho ubungqina obuncinci bembali obuxhasa ubukho bukaKumkani uArthur njengomntu wangempela. Iingxelo zokuqala ezibhaliweyo zika-Arthur zisusela kwinkulungwane ye-9, kwiinkulungwane eziliqela emva kokuba kuthiwa waphila. Ezi akhawunti, njenge Welsh "Iimbali zeTigernach" kunye ne-Anglo-Saxon “IziKronike,” khankanya uArthur njengegorha elalwa namaSaxon, kodwa anika iinkcukacha ezimbalwa ngobomi bakhe okanye ulawulo lwakhe.
Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba u-Arthur usenokuba wayengumntu oyintlanganisela, umxube weentsomi ezahlukeneyo zeCeltic kunye ne-Anglo-Saxon. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi kusenokwenzeka ukuba wayengumntu wokwenene owathi kamva waqanjwa ngentsomi ngababalisi bamabali neembongi. Sekunjalo, abanye bathi u-Arthur wayeyintsomi ngokupheleleyo, eyindalo yentelekelelo yamaxesha aphakathi.
Ukukhangela i-Excalibur
Ngenxa yokungabikho kobungqina bembali kuKumkani u-Arthur, akumangalisi ukuba ukukhangela i-Excalibur kuye kwaba nzima ngokulinganayo. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, bekukho amabango amaninzi okufunyanwa kwe-Excalibur, kodwa akukho nalinye elithe laxhaswa. Abanye baye bacebisa ukuba u-Excalibur usenokuba wangcwatywa no-Arthur eGlastonbury Abbey, apho kucingelwa ukuba ingcwaba lakhe lafunyanwa khona ngenkulungwane ye-12. Noko ke, kamva ingcwaba latyhilwa njengenkohliso, yaye akuzange kufumaneke krele.
Ngeminyaka yee-1980, i-archaeologist egama linguPeter Field yabanga ukuba ifumene i-Excalibur kwindawo e-Staffordshire, eNgilani. Wafumana ikrele elinomhlwa emlanjeni awayekholelwa ukuba lelona krele lasentsomini. Noko ke, ikrele kamva latyhilwa ukuba lifana nomfanekiso wenkulungwane ye-19.
Iithiyori malunga nendawo ye-Excalibur
Ngaphandle kokungabikho kobungqina obubambekayo, kukho iingcamango ezininzi malunga nendawo ye-Excalibur kwiminyaka. Bambi bathi kusenokwenzeka ukuba ikrele laphoswa edikeni okanye emlanjeni, apho lisafihlwe khona unanamhla. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba i-Excalibur inokuthi idluliselwe kwizizukulwana zenzala ka-Arthur, eyayigcina ifihliwe kwihlabathi.
Enye yezona thiyori zinomdla malunga nendawo ye-Excalibur kukuba inokufihlwa kwigumbi elifihlakeleyo phantsi kweGlastonbury Tor, induli eseSomerset, eNgilani. Ngokomlando, iTor yayiyindawo ye-Avalon engaqondakaliyo, apho i-Lady of the Lake yayihlala khona kwaye apho u-Arthur wathathwa khona emva kokulimala kwakhe ekulweni. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba igumbi eliyimfihlo elingaphantsi kweTor linokuba nekrele, kunye nobunye ubuncwane kunye nezinto zakudala ezivela kwintsomi ye-Arthurian.
Imvelaphi enokwenzeka yentsomi ye-Excalibur
Ke, ukuba i-Excalibur ayizange ibekho, isuka phi ilivo? Njengeentsomi ezininzi kunye neentsomi, ibali le-Excalibur kusenokwenzeka ukuba lineengcambu zalo kwiintsomi zamandulo kunye neentsomi. Bambi bathi ikrele lisenokuba laphenjelelwa yintsomi yaseIreland kaNuada, ukumkani owanqunyulwa isandla edabini waza wafumana ingalo yesilivere yomlingo koothixo. Abanye baye balatha kwintsomi yaseWales yekrele uDyrnwyn, ekwakusithiwa yagqabhuka ibe ngamadangatye xa isetyenziswa sisandla esingafanelekanga.
Omnye umthombo wentsomi ye-Excalibur likrele lembali likaJulius Caesar, ekuthiwe lenziwe ngendlela engaqondakaliyo njenge-Excalibur. Ngokutsho kwentsomi, ikrele ladluliselwa kumnombo wasebukhosini baseBritani de ekugqibeleni lanikwa uArthur.
Ukubaluleka kwe-Excalibur kwi-Arthurian legend
Nokuba ngaba i-Excalibur yakha yabakho, akukho nto iphikayo ukubaluleka kwayo kwintsomi ka-Arthurian. Ikrele libe luphawu olunamandla lwamandla ka-Arthur, isibindi, kunye nobunkokeli, kunye nokumelwa kwezinto ezingaqondakaliyo kunye nezamandla zale ntsomi. I-Excalibur iboniswe kwimisebenzi emininzi yobugcisa, uncwadi, kunye nemidiya, ukusuka kwii-tapestries zamandulo ukuya kwiimuvi zanamhlanje.
Ukongeza kukubaluleka kwayo okufuziselayo, i-Excalibur nayo idlale indima ephambili kumabali amaninzi kunye nokufika kwentsomi ye-Arthurian. Ikrele lisetyenziswe ukoyisa iintshaba ezinamandla, njengengxilimbela iRion kunye negqwirha uMorgan le Fay, kwaye iye yafunwa yientshaba zika-Arthur njengendlela yokufumana amandla kunye nokulawula.
Indlela i-Excalibur eyiphembelele ngayo inkcubeko edumileyo
Intsomi ye-Excalibur ibe nefuthe elikhulu kwinkcubeko edumileyo, ikhuthaza intaphane yemisebenzi yoncwadi, ubugcisa kunye nemidiya. Ukusuka kwezothando zamaxesha aphakathi ukuya kwiimuvi zale mihla, i-Excalibur ibambe ingcamango yezizukulwana zamabali kunye nabaphulaphuli.
Omnye weyona mifanekiso idumileyo ye-Excalibur kwinkcubeko edumileyo ngumboniso bhanyabhanya we-1981 "Excalibur," ukhokelwa nguJohn Boorman. Imuvi ilandela ibali lika-Arthur, i-knights yakhe, kunye nokufuna iGrail eNgcwele, kwaye ibonisa izinto ezibonakalayo ezimangalisayo kunye nesandi esivakalayo. Olunye umboniso odumileyo we-Excalibur luchungechunge lweTV ye-BBC "Merlin," ebonisa u-Arthur osemncinci kunye nomcebisi wakhe uMerlin njengoko behamba ngeengozi kunye neengxaki zeCamelot.
Isiphelo: Imfihlakalo ye-Excalibur ayinakuze isonjululwe
Ekugqibeleni, imfihlakalo ye-Excalibur ayinakuze isonjululwe. Nokuba yayiyikrele lokwenyani, isimboli sasentsomini, okanye indibaniselwano yezi zimbini, i-Excalibur ihlala iyinto enamandla nehlala ihleli kwintsomi ye-Arthurian. Ibali likaKumkani u-Arthur, amaqhawe akhe, kunye nephulo labo lokufumana imbeko nobulungisa liza kuqhubeka likhuthaza kwaye litsala abaphulaphuli kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
Ke, kwixesha elizayo xa usiva ibali likaKumkani u-Arthur kunye nekrele lakhe i-Excalibur, khumbula ukuba inyani ngasemva kwentsomi inokuba nzima ngakumbi kunekrele ngokwalo. Kodwa oko akulenzi ibali lingabi namlingo okanye libe nentsingiselo. Njengoko imbongi uAlfred Lord Tennyson wabhala, "Indlela endala iyatshintsha, inika indawo entsha, / Kwaye uThixo uzalisekisa ngeendlela ezininzi, / Hleze ihlabathi libe linye elilungileyo." Mhlawumbi intsomi ye-Excalibur yenye yezo ndlela uThixo azizalisekisa ngayo, esikhuthaza ukuba sifune ubulungisa, inkalipho, kunye nembeko ebomini bethu.
Ukuba ufuna ukuphonononga ngakumbi malunga neemfihlakalo kunye neentsomi zembali, jonga la manqaku amabali anika umdla ngakumbi.
